1. Introduction to Safety and Health
Preface and Chapter.1 (Goetsch)

2. Safety vs Health
Safety and health although closely related are not the same.
One view is that
Safety is concerned with injury-causing situations, whereas health is concerned with disease causing situations.
Another view is that safety is concerned with hazards to humans that result from sudden severe conditions; health deals with adverse reactions to prolonged exposure to dangerous but less intense hazards.
An acute effect is a sudden reaction to a severe condition, while a chronic effect is a long-term deterioration due to a prolonged exposure to a milder adverse condition (Asfahl).

3. Safety vs Health
Both concepts are accurate in portraying safety and health issues. However, there is no clear line between the two concepts.
For example, stress is a hazard can cause both
problems over a prolonged period. So, it is a ________concern. On the other hand, an overly stressed worker may be prone to accidents generating a __________concern.

4. Safety vs Health
Long term exposure to noise levels in the range of decibels causes permanent damage._____
A sudden acute exposure to impact noise can injure the hearing system. ______ (Asfahl)
Let’s come up with a similar example or two

5. Safety and Health Movement, Then and Now
The safety area in the US has developed steadily since early 1900s.
In the early 1900s, industrial accidents were common.
In 1907 over 3200 people were killed in mining accidents.
Then, legislation and public opinion all favored management..
There were a few protections for workers’ safety.

6. Safety and Health Movement, Then and Now
Working conditions for industrial employees have improved significantly.
Chance of a worker being killed is less than half of what it was 60 years ago.
the current death rate from work-related injuries is approx. 4 per 100,000 or less than a third of the rate 50 years ago.

7. Safety and Health Movement, Then and Now
Improvements have been the result of:
The pressure for promote safety and health,
The steadily increasing costs associated with accidents and injuries,
The future improvements will be driven by cost effectiveness and resultant competitiveness gained from a safe and healthy workplace.
The professionalization of safety as an occupation.

8. Development Before the Industrial Revolution
Code of Hammurabi contained clauses pertaining to safety and health.
“If a man has caused the loss of a gentlemen’s eye, his own eye shall be caused to be lost”.
Egyptians used slaves in building temples and pyramids.
Rameses II to ensure the maintenance of a workforce sufficient to build his major project, created an industrial medical service and required each worker to bathe daily.

9. Development Before the Industrial Revolution
The Romans were very concerned about safety and health.
___________________________________
In the 16th Century, Philippus Aureolus looked at pulmonary disease of miners/diseases of smelter workers/metallurgists and Georgius Agricola emphasized the need for ventilation systems in the mines.

10. Development Before the Industrial Revolution
In the 18th Century, Bernardino Ramazzini drew parallels between diseases suffered by workers and their occupations.
Handling of harmful materials, irregular or unnatural movements of the body
The Industrial Revolution change the nature of production:
Introduction of inanimate power
Substitution of machines for people
Introduction of new methods in fabrication
Organization and specialization of work

11. Milestones in the Safety Movement
The safety movement traces its roots to England.
Industrial Revolution
Outbreak of fever among the children working in cotton mills led people in Manchester demand better working conditions in the factories.

12. Milestones in the Safety Movement
When the industrial sector began to grow in the US, hazardous working conditions became common.
Following the Civil War, the seeds of the safety movement were sown.
Factory Inspection – 1867
First barrier safeguard patent – 1868
mine safety law – 1869
Bureau of Labor Statistics established

13. Milestones in the Safety Movement
a law requiring safeguards for hazardous machinery – 1877
Employer’s liability law – 1877
First recorded safety program established in IL – 1892
Frederick Taylor conducts first systematic study on efficiency in manufacturing – 1900
Bureau of Mines created – 1907
Concept of Workers Compensation introduced – 1908

14. Milestones in the Safety Movement
First cooperative study congress 1912
National Council of Industrial Safety formed – 1913
NCIS changed name to National Safety Council – 1915

15. Milestones in the Safety Movement
Total Safety Management concept introduced – 1996
US firms begin to pursue ISO registration for ESM 2000
Workplace terrorism is an ongoing concern of safety and health professionals

16. Role of Organized Labor Specific Safety and Health Problems
Seeked safe and healthy work environments
Some say they focused too much on wages and benefits
Overturn the antilabor laws relating to safety
Assumption Risk
Specific Safety and Health Problems
Lung Disease in Miners
Explosion in a mine in WV in 1968

17. Role of
Mercury Poisoning in 1930s Japan due to release of methyl mercury into the sea
Mercury nitrate was used in hat-making in the US
Asbestos exposure
Asbestosis or (Mesothelioma) Cancer

18. Development of Accident Prevention Programs
Will be covered with the Accident related chapters.

19. Safety and Health Movement Today
Came a long way from Industrial Revolution ways.
Tone was set during the WWII.
Need for various specialists arose: safety engineers, safety managers, industrial hygienists, occupational health nurses, and physicians.

20. Safety and Health Movement Today
H.G. Dyktor proposed the following objectives of integration (cooperation):
Learn more through sharing knowledge about health problems in the workplace, particularly those caused by toxic substances
Provide a greater level of expertise in evaluating health and safety problems.
Provide a broad database that can be used to compare health and safety problems experienced by different companies in the same industry.
Encourage accident prevention
Make employee health and safety a high priority

21. Integrated Approach to Safety and Health
By working together and drawing on their areas of expertise, S & H professionals are better able to identify, predict, control, and correct S & H problems.
OSHA reinforces this integrated approach by requiring companies to have a plan for doing:
Providing appropriate medical treatment for injured or ill workers
Regularly examining workers who are exposed to toxic substances
Having qualified first-aid person available during all work hours

22. Integrated Approach to Safety and Health
Small companies may contract, while the large ones have their own staff:
Industrial Hygiene Chemist and/or Engineer
Periodically test the work environment and the workers
Dust levels, ventilation, and noise levels..
Radiation Control Specialist
Electrical Engineer and Physicist
Test radiation levels
Prepare plans for accidents/decontamination procedures
Industrial Safety Manager or Engineer
Developing Programs
Other

23. Development of Safety Organizations
Alliance for American Insurers
American Board of Industrial Hygiene
American Conference of Government Industrial Hygienists
American Industrial Hygiene Association
American Insurance Association
American National Standards Institute
American Occupational Medical Association
American Society of Testing and Materials
American Society of Mechanical Engineers

24. Development of Safety Organizations
Chemical Transportation Emergency Center
Human Factors Society
National Fire Protection Association
National Safety Council
National Safety Management Society
Society of Automotive Engineers
System Safety Society
Underwriter’s Laboratories

25. Government Organizations
Bureau of Labor Statistics
Bureau of National Affairs
Environmental Protection Agency
National Institute for Standards and Technology
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
Occupational Safety and Health Administration
Superintendent of Documents, US Government Printing Office
US Consumer Product Safety Commission

26. Other Organizations American Public Health Association
Commerce Clearing House

27. New
Materials, Processes, and New Problems