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Genetics Chapters 13-15
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Mitosis Two identical daughter cells Interphase
Cell growth, preparing for cell division Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase Cytokinesis
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Mitosis Karyotype: picture of the chromosomes Chromatids (sister):
2 halves joined by a centromere Homologous chromosomes Matched pair of chromosomes
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Meiosis 2 successive rounds No replication of DNA between them
Meiosis I Half the number of chromosomes Meiosis II 4 haploid cells
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Synapsis: homologous chromosomes pair
Crossing-over: Homologues exchange information Nondisjunction: Failure to separate properly Down syndrome, Turner syndrome
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Mendel Genetics:Study of heredity Genotype Phenotype
Alleles: two alternate forms of the character Dominant Recessive F1(first filial generation) F2(second filial generation)
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Mendel’s laws of heredity
Law of Segregation: Alternate alleles separate Law of Independent Assortment: Genes located on different chromosomes
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Mendel Mononhybrid: Heterozygous one trait Dihybrid:
Heterozygous two traits Testcross
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Not Mendel Polygenes Additive effect Pleiotropy
Allele-more than one effect on phenotype Sickle cell, cystic fibrosis
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Not Mendel Incomplete dominance Environmental effects Epistasis
One gene interferes with the expression of another gene Codominance ABO blood types
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Pedigree
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Sex-linked Mom passes on X-chromosome to son Hemophilia
Color-blindness DMD
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Human chromosomes 23 pairs 22 autosomes 1 sex chromosome pair
XX female XY male
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