1. ADP, ATP and Cellular Respiration

2. What Is ATP? Energy used by all Cells Adenosine Triphosphate
Organic molecule containing high-energy Phosphate bonds

3. Chemical Structure of ATP
Adenine Base
3 Phosphates
Ribose Sugar

4. What Does ATP Do for You?
It supplies YOU with ENERGY!

5. How Do We Get Energy From ATP?
By breaking the high- energy bonds between the last two phosphates in ATP

6. What is the Process Called?
HYDROLYSIS (Adding H2O)
H2O

7. How Does That Happen?
An Enzyme!
ATPase

8. How is ATP Re-Made? The reverse of the previous process occurs.
Another Enzyme is used!
ATP Synthetase

9. The ADP-ATP Cycle
ATP Synthetase
ATP-ase

10. When is ATP Made in the Body?
During a Process called Cellular Respiration that takes place in both Plants & Animals

11. Cellular Respiration Overview
In both plants and animals
**Glucose is broken down to produce ATP, with CO2 as a waste product.**
Includes pathways that require oxygen (aerobic) and that do not require oxygen (anaerobic).
Breakdown of one glucose results in 38 ATP molecules.

12. Aerobic Respiration – Equation
C6H12O6 + 6 O H2O + 6 CO ATP
food
(glucose, a carbohydrate)
oxygen
water
carbon
dioxide
Does this look familiar?

13. Comparing Photosynthesis to Respiration
Plants use the products of respiration for their reactants
Animals use the products of photosynthesis for their reactants
For example, in photosynthesis
(reactants) 6CO2 + 6H2O + SUNLIGHT  C6H12O6 + 6 O2 (products)
(reactants) C6H12O6 + 6 O2  6CO2 + 6H2O + ENERGY (ATP) (products)

14. Photosynthesis and Respiration

15. What are the Stages of Cellular Respiration?
Glycolysis
The Krebs Cycle
The Electron Transport Chain

16. Where Does Cellular Respiration Take Place?
It actually takes place in two parts of the cell:
Glycolysis occurs in the Cytoplasm
Krebs Cycle & ETC Take place in the Mitochondria

17. Diagram of the Process Occurs across Cristae Occurs in Cytoplasm
Occurs in Matrix

18. Glycolysis Summary Overall production of 2 ATP
Takes place in the Cytoplasm
Anaerobic (Doesn’t Use Oxygen)
Overall production of 2 ATP
Glucose split into two molecules of Pyruvate or Pyruvic Acid

19. A Little Krebs Cycle History
Discovered by Hans Krebs in 1937
He received the Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine in 1953 for his discovery
Forced to leave Germany prior to WWII because he was Jewish

20. 2nd Stage: Krebs Cycle Summary
Requires Oxygen (Aerobic)
Produces 2 ATP’s
Cyclical series of reactions that give off CO2 and produce one ATP per cycle.
Turns twice per glucose molecule
Takes place in matrix of mitochondria

21. Krebs Cycle
ATP
NETS: 3NADH, 1ATP, 1FADH2, & 2CO2

22. 3rd Stage: Electron Transport Chain
34 ATP Produced (by far the most)
H2O Produced
Occurs Across Inner Mitochondrial membrane

23. Cellular Respiration (anaerobic)
What happens when cells don’t have enough oxygen?
Some organisms live in an oxygen-free environment. How do they get their energy?

24. Cellular Respiration (anaerobic)
Anaerobic respiration is also called fermentation, or the process by which energy is released from glucose when oxygen is NOT available.
This process allows organisms to continue to produce energy until oxygen is available.
However, this process only releases 2 ATP per molecule of glucose.

25. Alcoholic Fermentation
Anaerobic way of converting energy for yeast and other microorganisms
Glucose broken down to produce alcohol, CO2 and energy (2 ATP)
C6H12O6  ethanol + CO2 + 2 ATP
EX: baking bread with yeast
fermenting wine & beer

26. Lactic Acid Fermentation
Anaerobic way of converting energy in animal cells and some microorganisms
Glucose broken down to produce lactic acid, CO2 and energy (ATP)
C6H12O6  lactic acid + CO2 + 2 ATP
EX: muscle cells during strenuous exercise,
fermenting cheese, yogurt, sour cream

27. Strenuous Exercise
Lactic acid is produced by your muscle cells during rapid exercise when the body cannot supply enough O2 to tissues.
Without enough O2, the body is NOT able to produce all of the ATP that is required.
The buildup of lactic acid can cause painful burning in your muscles!

28. Minimal ATP Production
In the absence of oxygen, anaerobic respiration only releases 2 ATP for each molecule of glucose broken down.

29. Comparing ATP Production
First, your body breaks down glucose through aerobic respiration to produce 38 ATP per glucose molecule; however, this is a slow process.
When muscle cells cannot get enough O2 they break down glucose through lactic acid fermentation to produce 2 ATP per glucose…
Therefore, AEROBIC RESPIRATION is much more efficient in terms of ATP production – 38 ATP compared to 2 ATP!

30. Aerobic Training Ex: long runs, biking, swimming
Can increase the size and number of mitochondria in muscle cells
Can increase the delivery of O2 to muscles by improving the heart and lungs

31. Anaerobic Training Ex: sprints, strides, quick bursts of energy
Increase the glycogen levels in the muscles
Increase body’s tolerance to lactic acid