1. Hominid Evolution

2. What is a Primate? A primate is a mammal that has:
relatively long fingers and toes with nails instead of claws
arms that can rotate around shoulder joints
a strong clavicle
binocular vision
a well-developed cerebrum.

3. Hominoid vs. Hominine Hominoid:
Group of animals that belong to the same Family.
Lack a prehensile tail
Includes gibbons, orangutans, gorillas, chimpanzees and humans.

4. Hominoid vs. Hominine Hominine:
The hominoids in the lineage that lead to humans.
Evolved the ability to walk upright
Had grasping thumbs and large brains

5. Check Up #1 Which of the following is not considered a hominoid?
Orangutan
Chimpanzee
Rhesus monkey
Human

6. Living Hominids

7. Hominine Evolution
The skull, neck, spinal column, hip bones, and leg bones of early hominine species changed shape in ways that enabled later species to walk upright.

8. Bipedalism
Placement of the Foramen Magnum reveals the posture of the organism
Grasping toes – demonstrates that the organism is adapted to living in trees

9. Hominine Evolution
This figure shows some ways in which the skeletons of modern humans differ from those of hominoids such as gorillas.

10. Hominine Evolution Hominines evolved much larger brains.
Most of the difference in brain size results from an expanded cerebrum, which is, as you recall, the “thinking” part of the brain.

11. Teeth
Identify the differences you see in the teeth of these three species.
Interpret: what are two explanations for the differences?

12. Hominid Characteristics

13. Other Characteristics

14. Check Up #2
What changes in environment supported Hominoid characteristics over earlier primates? A)

15. Relatives vs. Ancestors
The hominine fossil record includes seven genera— Sahelanthropus, Orrorin, Ardipithecus, Australopithecus, Paranthropus, Kenyanthropus, and Homo—and at least 20 species.
All these species are relatives of modern humans, but not all of them are human ancestors.

16. Relatives vs. Ancestors

18. Which probably evolved first, large brain or bipedalism? Why?