1. The Scientific View of the World

2. The Old Science Dominated by the ideas of Aristotle, Ptolemy and Galen
Greek thinking was absorbed into Christianity with Scholasticism
Believed in the geocentric theory of the universe
Four humors made up the body: blood, phlegm, yellow bile and black bile

3. Stimuli was new approach:
Renaissance interest in nature
Celestial navigation to support exploration
Church’s interest in an accurate calendar

4. Advances in Astronomy and Physics
Copernicus – heliocentric theory
Tycho Brahe provided 20 years of celestial observations
Johannes Kepler – planets traveled in elliptical paths

5. Advances in Astronomy and Physics
Galileo – provided empirical evidence for the heliocentric theory
Isaac Newton – three laws of motion; universal law of gravitation; calculus

6. Advances in Anatomy and Medicine
Andreas Vesalius – contradicted many of Galen’s ideas regarding the body
William Harvey – developed the modern theory of blood flow

7. Advances in Anatomy and Medicine
Anton von Leeuwenkoek – developed the microscope
Robert Boyle – chemistry

8. The Scientific Method
Francis Bacon – called for systematic investigation and observation of nature, as well as experimentation
Rene Descartes – ideas involved subjecting every single assertion of human knowledge to systematic doubt

9. Women and Science Not many noted women because of social contraints
Maria Winkelmann
Maria Sybilla Merian
Emilie du Chatelet
Dorothea Erxleben

10. Religion and Skepticism
At time wore on, educated Europeans demanded empirical evidence or conformity with natural laws for claims for knowledge
Straightforward criticism of religious beliefs was an attempt to reconcile new scientific discoveries

11. Baruch Spinoza – all of nature was ultimately one substance; God
Blaise Pascal – set out to show a proper relationship between reason and faith

12. A Scientific View of Human Affairs
Natural law holds that humans can discover what is fair, just and natural in the political and social realms by consulting reason

13. Thomas Hobbes Believed in absolutism Wrote Leviathan
Humans are born into a state of nature in which life is a continual war for gain, glory and security
Only way to end chaos is through a social contract

14. Social Contract
An agreement that the sovereign will absorb the wills and power of each member of society into an all powerful ruler
The will of the sovereign will stand as law

15. John Locke Natural rights of life, liberty, equality and property
These rights come before the development of human society
Though humans are basically rational, they still conflict over property

16. Governments are limited by their original purpose
Should government become abusive, society can invoke the right of rebellion
Governments are made by people

17. Science Applied: Societies and Technology
Creation of societies by states to exploit advances for navigational and military purposes
Smaller or more regional societies, academies and universities were created for the study of science
Began publishing results of projects to share across the continent