1. Antagonists of retinoic acid and BMP4 affect fetal mouse osteogenesis and odontoblast differentiation 
Despina S. Koussoulakou, Lukas H. Margaritis, Stauros L. Koussoulakos 
Pathophysiology 
Volume 18, Issue 2, Pages (April 2011)
DOI: /j.pathophys
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2. Fig. 1
Effect of citral (A1, B1, E1, F1) and anti-BMP4 (C1, D1) on cranial bone formation (A, B), odontoblast differentiation (C), alveolar bone osteogenesis (D) and apoptosis in tooth tissues (E, F), where A, B, C, D, E, F, are the corresponding controls. (A, A1, B, B1): Dorsal aspect of cleared newborn mice crania. Double staining by Alcian blue and Alizarin red S reveals mucopolysaccharides (blue colour) and osseous tissue (red colour), respectively. Intramembraneous skull roof “bones” are not yet ossified and mineralized (A1, B1), therefore they are transparent and let us see the chondrogenic already ossified basicranial bones (basioccipital=bo and basisphenoid=bs). Note lack of lambdoid suture in A1 and, absence of frontonasal (fn) eminence in B1. (C, C1, D, D1): Histological sections of newborn mouse molar buds at the crown (C) and root (D) regions, respectively. Injection of anti-BMP4 antibody in mice during their 9th gestational day (time of neural crest cell migration and formation of 1st pharyngeal arch), results in significant delay in odontoblast differentiation in embryos. Note in C1 lack in of pre-dentin layer (blue layer) between adamantinoblasts (ad) and odontoblasts (od). Similarly, delineation of odontoblasts and the osteogenic pattern of alveolar bone (ab) seem abnormal in the root (D1). (E, E1, F, F1): The immunohistochemical method applied for detection of caspase fragments in molar (m) and incisor (i) regions with (E1, F1) and without (E, F) citral intervention could not reveal apoptotic figures at this late developmental stage. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of the article.)
Pathophysiology  , DOI: ( /j.pathophys )
Copyright © 2010 Elsevier Ireland Ltd Terms and Conditions