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Advance briefing
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Migrants are smuggled in all regions of the world
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How many migrants are smuggled?
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Smuggling of migrants is a big business with high profits
Aggregating information on what is known and reported, UNODC found that in 2016: At a minimum, along selected routes, 2.5 million migrants were smuggled For an economic return of US$5.5-7 billion
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Supply and demand
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Smuggling fees
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Smuggling routes change but hubs are stable
Routes are determined by: Geography Border control Migration policy in destinations Smugglers’ connections across countries Cost of the package offered by smugglers Hubs serve as: Meeting places where disparate routes converge Places to arrange subsequent travel
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Smugglers often have ethnic and/or geographical links
Smugglers and migrants: Have ethnic and linguistic ties Come from the same community Smugglers: Have extensive knowledge of the territory and the best methods to reach the destination
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The organization of migrant smuggling
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Business of smuggling Different activities at different stages:
At origin: Recruitment and publicizing the services Along the route: Transportation, housing, border crossing At destination: Arrangements for stay Different ways to organize smuggling: Comprehensive package from origin to destination Several independent or connected legs Territorial control by smugglers
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Corruption Systematic corruption at most levels and along all the identified routes involving: Petty corruption at individual border control points Grand corruption at higher levels of government Corruption of officials to obtain travel documents to which the traveler is not entitled
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Smuggling networks may have links with other criminal organizations
To pay for the ‘right’ to safe passage for migrants To hand over migrants for extortion of ransom, robbery or other abuse In some areas, migrants are smuggled along similar routes as illicit drugs and/or weapons
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Most smuggled migrants are young men
Share of arrivals in Italy along the Central Mediterranean route by age and sex,
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Migrant smuggling can be deadly
Migrants can be abused, assaulted, raped, exploited and killed
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