1. Agenda 11/3/14 Bellwork  Cell Specialization and Human Body Systems
Cell Specialization Project

2. Cell Specialization and Human Body Systems

3. Levels of Organization
The human body is organized in several levels, from the simplest to the most complex. . .
Cells – the basic unit of life
Tissues – clusters of cells performing a similar function
Organs – made of tissues that perform one specific function
Organ Systems – groups of organs that perform a specific purpose in the human body
Organism- the whole individual
The purpose of the 11 organ systems is for the human body to maintain homeostasis.

4. Cell Specialization
In multicellular organisms, cells are specialized to perform particular functions within the organism.
Examples-
Red blood cells
White blood cells
Muscle Cells

5. Homeostasis Maintaining a controlled, stable internal environment
Feedback Loops
Negative Feedback (inhibition): when the products of a system shut down or limit the operation of a system
Example- heating system
Positive Feedback: as product increases, so does the production of said product (ex. blood clotting, childbirth)

6. Negative Feedback Loop
105 Negative Feedback Loops CC BY 3.0
OpenStax College - Anatomy & Physiology, Connexions Web site. Jun 19, 2013.

7. Negative Feedback Loop
Resources: Wikipedia.or/wiki/human_homeostasis Human Physiology, Stuart Ira Fox; Science.jrank.org

8. Positive Feedback Loop

9. The 11 Human Body Systems nervous system
integumentary system (skin, hair, nails, etc)
respiratory system
excretory (urinary) system
lymphatic (immune) system
skeletal system
muscular system
circulatory system
endocrine system
digestive system
reproductive system (male, female)

10. Cell Specialization Project
Today we will begin a cell specialization project, in groups of 2-3 (7 groups, at least 2 people in each).
You will color 1-2 cells per person for each body system to see how each cell is specialized for its particular function.
You will count how many of each organelle is present in each cell (make a chart).
You will then read about each cell and determine how it is specialized for its function.

11. Each group will present its poster to the class, and you will all learn from each other
For Wednesday:
color your cell;
read about it and write a short (3-5 sentence) blurb about how its structure relates to its function;
Find a diagram of your group’s body system, as well as the functions of the major organs, to bring in for Wednesday
Bring poster supplies (poster board, any extras)- I’ll have glue, scissors, tape, construction paper

12. Agenda 11/7- Body Systems
Presentations- teaching and learning from your peers!
Notes- other body systems not covered in presentations
Next week- quiz on Tuesday on body systems and cell specialization
Labelling diagrams, matching organs/cells/tissues to body system, matching structures and systems with their functions, open response- on packet

13. The Excretory System
Purpose: to rid the body of nitrogeneous wastes; regulates water balance
Major Organs and Their Functions
Kidneys – the main organs of the excretory system
-- kidney filters urea and other wastes out of blood, which eventually travel out of the kidney as urine
-- eventually they travel through the ureter to the urinary bladder

14. Image of the Excretory System
Skin – sweat glands remove excess water and salts from the body
Lungs – expel the waste gas carbon dioxide
Image of the Excretory System

15. The Nervous System
Purpose: mediates communication between different parts of the body and the body’s interaction with the environment
Major Organs and Their Functions
Brain – control center of the body, where all processes are relayed through
-- consists of cerebrum (controls thought and senses) and cerebellum (controls motor functions)
Spinal Cord – sends instructions from the brain to the rest of the body and vice versa
-- any organism with a major nerve cord is classified as a chordate
Nerves – conduct impulses to muscle cells throughout the body and to the brain

16. Diagram of a Nerve Cell

17. The Endocrine System
Purpose: to control growth, development, metabolism and reproduction through the production and secretion of hormones
Major Organs
-- hypothalamus
-- pituitary gland
-- thyroid
-- parathyroid
-- adrenal glands
-- pancreas
-- testes
-- ovaries

18. Adrenal Gland

19. Reproductive Systems
Male system- produces male gametes (sperm) and male sex hormones; transports male gametes to female reproductive system
Female system- produces female gametes (eggs) and female sex hormones; provides for development and nourishment of the offspring

20. Specialized Reproductive Cells
Ovary
Testis

21. The Digestive System
Purpose: to convert food particles into simpler macromolecules that can be absorbed into the bloodstream and be used by cells for energy, repair, and growth
Major Organs and their Functions:
Mouth – to chew and grind up food; saliva also begins the chemical breakdown of food
(What organelle is involved in secretion of chemicals?)
Esophagus – pipe connecting mouth to stomach
Stomach – secretes an extraordinarily strong acid (pH = 2) that leads to breakdown of food

22. Liver – produces bile, which breaks down fats (also in the DIGESTIVE SYSTEM)
Small Intestine – after digestion is complete, chyme enters the small intestine where it is absorbed into the bloodstream
Large Intestine – removes water from the chyme and gets the waste ready for excretion
Rectum- stores solid wastes until they’re ready to exit the body

23. Image of the Digestive System

24. Pyloric Region of the Stomach

25. The Circulatory System
Purpose: to deliver oxygenated blood to the various cells and organ systems in your body so they can undergo cellular respiration
Major Organs and Their Functions
Heart – the major muscle of the circulatory system
-- pumps blood through its four chambers (two ventricles and two atria)
-- pumps deoxygenated blood into the lungs, where it gets oxygenated, returned to the heart, and then pumped out through the aorta to the rest of the body
-- valves regulate the flow of blood between the chambers

26. Arteries – carry blood Away from the heart to major organs
Veins – carry blood back to the heart away from major organs
Capillaries – small blood vessels where gas exchange occurs
Blood – the cells that flow through the circulatory system
-- red blood cells contain hemoglobin, an iron-rich protein that carries oxygen
-- white blood cells function in the immune system
-- platelets help in blood clotting
-- blood plasma- 55% of blood; 90% water; 10% dissolved gasses, plasma proteins, salts

27. Image of the Circulatory System

29. The Respiratory System
Purpose: to provide the body with a fresh supply of oxygen for cellular respiration and remove the waste product carbon dioxide
Major Organs and Their Functions
Nose – internal entry and exit point for air
Pharynx – passage way for both air and food at the back of the throat
Larynx – your “voicebox”
Trachea – the “windpipe”; connects your pharynx to your lungs
-- a piece of skin, called the epiglottis, covers the trachea when you swallow, preventing food from entering

30. Bronchi – the two large passageways that lead from the trachea to your lungs (one for each lung)
-- the bronchi are further subdivided into bronchioles
-- eventually, the further subdivisions lead to tiny air sacs called alveoli
-- capillaries surrounding each alveolus is where the exchange of gases with the blood occurs
The diaphragm is the muscle that causes you to breathe
-- hiccups are involuntary contractions of the diaphragm

31. Image of the Respiratory System

32. The Skeletal Systems
Purpose: to provide structure and support to the human body; to allow for movement; to protect internal organs
Bones are where new blood cells are generated (in the marrow), and require the mineral calcium for strength
Major Structures:
Bones: network of living cells and protein fibers surrounded by calcium salt deposits (minerals)
Cartilage: more flexible than bone
Ligaments: connective tissue that holds bones together
Tendons: connective tissue that connects skeletal muscle to bones

33. Bone- Haversian Canals

34. Major Bones of the Human Body
-- femur (thigh bone) -- fibula and tibia (calf) -- radius and ulna (lower arm) -- cranium (skull) -- sternum (breastbone) -- clavicle (shoulder blade) -- humerus (upper arm) -- vertebrae (back) -- scalpula (shoulder) -- pelvic bone -- coccyx (tail bone) -- phalanges (fingers/toes)

35. The Muscular System
Purpose: works with the skeletal and nervous system to produce movement, also helps to circulate blood through the human body
-- muscle cells are fibrous
-- muscle contractions can be voluntary or involuntary
Major Structures:
Skeletal Muscle- voluntary movement; usually attached to bone; long, thin, striated fibers
Smooth Muscle- not striated; not under voluntary control; found in hollow structures like the stomach
Cardiac Muscle- only in the heart; striated; not under voluntary control

36. Muscle Types
Smooth Muscle Cardiac Muscle Skeletal muscle