1. Plant Growth and Development
Essential Standard 4.00: Examine factors relating to plant growth and development.

2. Objective 4.01
Explain the growth process of plants

3. Processes of plant growth
Photosynthesis
Respiration
Absorption
Transpiration
Translocation
Reproduction

4. Photosynthesis
The food and manufacturing process in green plants that combines carbon dioxide and water in the presence of light to make sugar and oxygen.
Formula:
6CO2+6H2O+672Kcal C6H12O6+6O2
Carbon Dioxide
Light Energy
Glucose Sugar
Water
Oxygen

5. Photosynthesis
The main product of photosynthesis is sugar (in form of glucose)
The by-product of photosynthesis is oxygen

6. Respiration
The process through which plant leaves, stems and roots consume oxygen and give off carbon dioxide.
Plants produce much more oxygen through photosynthesis than they use through respiration.

7. Absorption
The process by which plant roots take in water and air

8. Transpiration
The process by which plants lose water from leaves and stems through evaporation
Can also occur in stems

9. Translocation
The process by which food and nutrients are moved within a plant from one plant part to another

10. Reproduction The plant process that increases plant numbers
Usually by seeds
Two main methods of reproduction are sexual and asexual

11. Osmosis Process by which minerals enter the plant through cell walls
Process by which water enters the plant through cell walls

12. Light
Photoperiodism is the response of plants to different amounts of light regarding their flowering and reproduction cycles
Short day plants require long nights to flower
Ex: azalea, poinsettia
Long day plants require short nights to flower
Ex: African violets, spinach
Phototropism is the tendency for plants to grow toward a light source

13. Moisture 90% of plant tissue is made mostly of water
Water carries nutrients throughout the plant

14. Stages of Plant Growth
Juvenile-when a plant first starts to grow from a seed
Vegetative – second stage of growth that begins after the plant begins photosynthesis and actively grows leaves, stems, and roots prior to flowering
Reproductive-when a plant produces flowers, seeds and fruits
Dormant-when a plant rests or grows very little, if any

15. Plant Cells Basic unit of growth
A nucleus and a mass of protoplasm contained within a plasma membrane

16. Parts of a Plant Cell Nucleus
location of plant’s genetic and hereditary make-up

17. Parts of a Plant Cell Protoplasm Plasma Membrane
the living matter of the cell
Plasma Membrane
surrounds protoplasm and allows for exchange of nutrients and gases into and out of cell

18. Parts of a Plant Cell Cell Wall
rigid and provides support for the cell and thus the whole plant

19. Parts of a Plant Cell Other Structures Chloroplasts Vacuole Plastids
Mitochondrion

20. Plant Cells

21. Plant tissue A group of cells with similar origin and function
Classified according to their origin, structure and physiology
Structure of permanent tissue
simple-usually one type of cell
complex-several types of cells

22. Tissue origin and function
Meristematic-near tip of stems and roots where cell division and enlargement occur
Vascular cambium-increase growth in diameter of stems

23. Simple Tissues
Epidermal-one-cell thick, outer layer, protects and prevents water loss
Sclerenchyma-have thickened cell walls and contain fibers to give strength and support to plant structures

24. Other tissues
Collenchyma-have thick cell walls that strengthen and support plant structures
Parenchyma-fleshy part of plant that stores water and nutrients

25. Phases of the asexual cycle
Vegetative-growth and development of buds, roots, leaves and stems
cell elongation-stage when cells enlarge
differentiation-stage when cells specialize
Reproductive or flowering-plant develops flower buds that will develop into flowers, fruits and seeds

26. Effects of Light, Moisture, Temperature and Nutrients on Plants

27. Light
Photoperiodism-response of plants to different amounts of light regarding their flowering and reproduction cycles
Necessary because of photosynthesis
Not enough light causes long, slender, spindly stems
Too much light will cause plants to dry out faster

28. Moisture
Needed in large amounts because plant tissues are mostly water and water carries nutrients
Not enough water causes wilting and stunted growth
Too much water causes small root systems and drowning which is a result of air spaces in soil being filled with water

29. VS Temperature Needs vary depending on type of plants
Either too high or too low will have adverse effects VS

30. Nutrients Essential for optimal plant conditions
Has little effect on seed germination

31. Combining growth factors
Ideal quantities and quality will give optimum plant growth
Each has an effect on the other factors
Unfavorable environmental conditions for plant growth causes diseases to be more severe in their damages to plants

32. Hardiness Zones

33. Hardiness Zones North Carolina Considers minimum temperature extremes
Zones 6 to 8
Considers minimum temperature extremes
Zone 6
-10 to 0 degrees F
Zone 7
0 to 10 degrees F
Charlotte
Zone 8
10 to 20 degrees F