2. Unit 1 – Biochemistry - Question 1
All organic compounds contain what element?
Carbon
What are the two other elements most commonly found in organic compounds?
Hydrogen and Oxygen
Nitrogen and Phosphate are also commonly found

3. Question 2 Differentiate between covalent and ionic bonds.
Covalent= sharing of electrons
Ionic= Electrons are donated or accepted.

4. 17 Question #3 Carbohydrate Carbonyl (C=0) Hydroxyl (OH)
Structure of the Compound
Function of the Compound in the Human Body / Cell
Functional Group(s)
Monomers
-what do we call them?
-what are some examples?
Polymers
Carbohydrate
Carbonyl (C=0)
Hydroxyl (OH)
Monosaccharides
-glucose, fructose, galactose
Polysaccharides
-cellulose, starch, glycogen
Energy
Protein
Carboxyl (COOH)
Amine (NH2)
Amino Acid
-glycine, alanine, leucine
Polypeptide chain
Enzymes – speed up reactions
Structure of your body
Antibodies
Lipid
Glycerol & Fatty Acids
Triglycerides
Wax
Phospholipid
Steroids
Store Energy
Insulate the body
Protect the body
Nucleic Acid X
   
Nucleotide
DNA & RNA
Store and Express the instructions for life 17

5. 4. Draw water. Label the elements and charges that make up water.O - + H
Polar = molecule where charges are unevenly distributed (magnet)
Water is polar because there is an uneven distribution of e- between oxygen and hydrogen atoms.
Nonpolar = equal sharing of e-

6. Question 6
Hydrophilic- water loving. These substances interact well with water
Generally polar molecules
Hydrophobic- water fearing. Do not mix with water.
Non-polar molecules

7. 7. Explain acids and bases using the PH scale.
Acids are on the lower side of the PH scale. If it’s lower than 7 than it’s an acid; if it’s higher than 7, it’s a base. Acid < 7 Neutral=7 Base > 7

8. Question 8.
Enzymes are known as biological catalysts, speeding up chemical reactions. They help build-up or break-down many molecules.
Amylase
Lactase
Ligase
Helicase
The names have the same –ase ending.

9. Question 9
Enzymes help lower the activation energy needed to start a chemical reaction. This is really helpful for cells since so many chemical reactions need to take place quickly, that without enzymes it would take too long and the organism would eventually die.

10. 10. What environmental factors influence enzyme activity?
Temperature PH
Enzyme concentration
Substrate concentration
Inhibitors

11. 11. How do changes in the environmental factors listed above impact the activity of the enzyme?
All of these factors can denature an enzyme, or make it stop working by changing the structure. The enzyme works best at their optimum temperature, PH, etc.

12. Question 12
Element- basic building blocks of all matter- found on the periodic table- pure
Molecule-multiple elements together.
Atom- Smallest building block of all matter (proton, neutron, electrons)
Compound- Multiple elements bonded together

13. Unit 2 – Cell Physiology #13 and 14
Unicellular and Multicellular
Example: Plants/Animals
Complex
Nucleus
Unicellular
Example: Bacteria
Primitive
No Nucleus
Ribosomes
DNA
Cell
Membrane
Prokaryotic Eukaryotic

14. Question 15
Nucleus- the cell’s genetic control center; stores DNA, makes ribosomes, and directs the synthesis of proteins through RNA
Plasma Membrane- composed of lipids and proteins that hold together the cell and regulates what enters/leaves
Ribosomes- make proteins
Mitochondrion- where cellular respiration occurs; food->energy

15. Question 15
Chloroplasts- where photosynthesis occurs; sunlight->energy
Lysosomes- enzymes break down food, damaged organelles, and bacteria
Golgi Body- distributes proteins to various parts of the cell; “shipping center”
Vacuoles- stores pigment, poison, food, and water
Cell Wall- protects cell and gives it a rigid shape

16. Question 16 What organelles are found in most prokaryotic cells?
Ribosomes, the plasma membrane, the cell wall, and the cytoplasm are all found in prokaryotic cells.

17. Question 17
What organelles are present in a plant cell that are absent in an animal cell?
The cell wall, chloroplasts, and large central vacuole are not found in animal cells.

18. Levels of Organization
Question 18
Levels of Organization
Simplest
Cell
Tissue
Organ
Organ System
Organism
Most Complex

19. Active Passive Question 19 Low to High High to Low Yes No
Create a table comparing passive and active transport. 1) What direction is the concentration gradient? 2) Is ATP required? 3) What is the goal of this process?
Active
Passive
Low to High
High to Low
Yes No
Moves molecular substances that the cell needs to function against the concentration gradient- Goal: to create a concentration gradient
Moves molecular substances that the cell needs to function with the concentration gradient- Goal: to reach equilibrium

20. Question 20
Define the following terms and classify them as either passive or active
Diffusion: The tendency of molecules to spread out into less concentrated space (Passive)
Osmosis: The diffusion of water over the cell membrane (Passive)
Facilitated Diffusion: Diffusion with the assistance of a protein (Passive)
Endocytosis: The process in which a cell absorbs a molecule into itself (Active)
Exocytosis: The process in which a cell disperses a molecule from within itself (Active)

21. Question 21 Label a Phospholipid Bilayer:
Hydrophilic
(Exposed to Water)
Hydrophobic
(Away from water)

22. Question 22 How do substances affect cells?

23. Question 23: Define Homeostasis:
Homeostasis is the constant maintenance within an animal that occurs in order to compensate for disrupting changes. In a sense, it is the force that keeps an animal in a stable condition.