1. America Moves To The City 1865-1900
Pageant Chapter 25

2. The United States

3. The United States

4. 1. Urbanization
This chapter will show us how the United States transitioned from a largely rural country to a highly industrialized, urbanized, diverse nation with growing cities – much like the U.S. we see today
1790 – 5% of Americans lived in cities
1900 – 39.5%
1990 – 75.2%
What do we think of when we think of cities?
Skycrapers; and to have skyscrapers we need elevators
We can thank Louis Sullivan for the means to “move up” in cities
Electric trolleys made it possible for people to commute within cities
Indoor plumbing, the telephone, and shopping at department stores were the new things that brought people to cities and changed the daily lives of Americans at the turn of the century

5. New York

6. Chicago

7. Atlanta

8. 1. Urbanization
Living in cities in the late 1800s and early 1900s had its disadvantages though:
No waste disposal, impure water, people didn’t bathe regularly, animal waste littered the roads, high crime rates

9. New York 1900 – before sanitation

10. 2. The “New” Immigration
A massive flux of immigrants poured into the United States after the Civil War between
The “new” immigration, however, came from a different part of the world
Old immigration – most immigrants had come from the British isles and western Europe
New immigration – came from southern and eastern Europe
Unfortunately, new immigrants received no socioeconomic help from the United States gov’t during this time
However, powerful city government officials, or “bosses” stepped into help…but not just out of the goodness of their hearts
Taking care of new immigrants meant loyalty, votes, and support for city politicians
Boss Tweed

11. William “Boss” Tweed

12. 2. The “New” Immigration
Religious leaders also got involved in taking on the new challenges that resulted from the new changes brought on by urbanization and immigration
Some preached the “social gospel” – churches should tackle and try to solve the social problems of the day
Walter Rauschenbusch – a pastor of a German Baptist church in NYC in 1886, advocated this
Women also got involved
Soft spoken but determined Jane Addams was deeply dedicated to uplifting the struggling urban masses
The Hull House in Chicago was established by her; took in new immigrants, instructed them in English, and helped them transition to new life in America
Other settlement houses would be established throughout the country
The urban frontier opened up new possibilities for women

13. Jane Addams – Hull House

14. 2. The “New” Immigration
Many “Native” Americans began speaking out against the massive numbers of immigrants coming to the United States
Though a lot of this was grounded in racism, some had valid concerns
There were little restrictions against new immigrants at first: meaning criminals, the mentally disturbed, prostitutes, anarchists, and people carrying contagious diseases often slipped through easily…
1882 – Immigration restriction law was passed by Congress
It was the first restriction law passed by the United States against immigration

15. Immigration In The U.S

16. 3. African-Americans React To “Jim Crow”
Though the Civil War resulted in Amendments 13, 14, and 15, which granted African-Americans full equality, their struggle was not over against racism in the United States
Southern states still passed discriminatory laws to limit African-Americans even after the Civil War / Reconstruction
“Jim Crow” Laws – passed between 1876 and 1965 in the former Confederate states – set up “separate but equal” facilities
Jim Crow was a black cartoon character that made fun of African Americans from the 1830s
There were some who rose up and advocated for black advancement and equality; two of the most notable were Booker T. Washington and W.E.B. DuBois

17. 3. African-Americans React To “Jim Crow”
Washington: Didn’t want to challenge Jim Crow, he wanted to gain white support through politics and let Jim Crow fade over time.
DuBois: Condemned Washington’s view, set up the NAACP and demanded immediate full equality for blacks in American life.

18. Booker T. Washington & W.E.B. DuBois

19. 4. Universities, Press, and Literature
Just like when it gave land to RR corporations to build railways, the U.S. government also granted large amounts of land for the building of universities
The Morrill Act of 1862
Philanthropists made their money privately but gave it to the public
Andrew Carnegie poured money into expanding public libraries
Journalism and newspapers expanded as well
Sensational and embellished news stories became much more popular; newspapers began to compete and not just inform
Journalist tycoons – Joseph Pulitzer and William Randolph Hearst

20. 5. Moral Values and Women’s Rights
All these new changes sparked a new debate about the role of women in American society.
More and more women were calling for the right to vote – suffrage
National American Women’s Suffrage Association founded in 1890

21. 6. Reform, Art, and Culture
During this time, people drank more alcohol than any other time in history
Alcoholism caused many social problems in the U.S.
Women such as Carrie Nation fought against excessive drinking, formed the Woman’s Christian Temperance Association in 1874
With a hatchet she stormed in bars and smashed bottles of liquor
Art was flourishing in the meantime, amidst all these tumultuous problems
One of the most notable American art forms created during this time was jazz music.

22. Carrie Nation

23. Jazz