1. Given a DNA strand ACTTCA, what is the mRNA strand?
What did the castle represent in the King DNA skit?
Where does translation occur?

2. 1. mRNA codon sequence is AUUCCA. What is the tRNA anticodons?
2. Looking at the genetic code chart, what 2 amino acids are made?
3. What are 3 differences between DNA and RNA?

3. Mutations
12-4

4. Mutations
Mutation: a change in DNA sequence that affects the genetic information.
Gene mutations: changes in a single gene-causes point or frame shift mutations
Chromosomal mutations: changes in part or a whole chromosome

5. Gene Mutations Point mutations: affect only one nucleotide CATCATCAT
1. Substitutions
CATCATCAT
CATCTTCAT
Ex.-Sickle cell anemia

7. Gene Mutations
Frame shift mutations: change in one nucleotide affects all following nucleotides
2. Insertion
CATTAGCAT
CATTAGGCAT
3. Deletion Ex.- CF
CATTGCAT

9. Turtle boy

13. Chromosomal Mutations
Change in the number or structure of chromosomes.
1. Deletion: loss of all or part of a chromosome
Ex.-Cri-du-chat & Turner’s syndrome
2. Duplication: segment of chromosome is repeated
3. Inversion: segments are reversed

14. Chromosomal Mutations
4. Translocation: part breaks off and attaches to a non-homologous chromosome
5. Insertion: gain part of or a whole extra chromosome. Ex.-Down syndrome

18. Cause and Effect Some inversions cause miscarriages.
Several types of cancer are caused by translocations (leukemia).
Mutagens are substances that cause mutations. Ex- X rays, certain chemicals, radiation