1. ENERGY & CELLULAR RESPIRATION

3. We eat and breathe to get energy, carbon dioxide as waste and water.

4. ATP Adenosine triphosphate
ATP - immediate usable energy supply for cells.
All activities require ATP
10 million molecules of ATP are generated per second for a working muscle.

5. Three stages of respiration
Glycolysis
Citric Acid Cycle
Oxidative Phosphorylation

6. Glycolysis Occurs in cytosol No O2 needed
Glucose (sugar) is changed to 2 pyruvates
ATP produced - only 2
NADH is also produced from the following reaction:
NAD+ + H  NADH
- NAD + acts as a taxi - takes H to another step

10. Citric Acid Cycle
The 2 pyruvates from glycolysis enter the Citric acid cycle after being groomed
Grooming brings pyruvate into mitochondria by changing it
Changes are:
- another NADH is produced
- CO2 given off
- turns pyruvate into acetyl CoA
What does pyruvate enter the citric acid cycle as?

12. Entering Citric Acid Cycle
Acetyl CoA enters Citric Acid cycle
CAC can only take one at a time so it must turn 2 times since there’s 2 acetyl CoA per glucose molecule

14. Citric Acid Cycle Produces
After 2 turns of the cycle these are produced
6 NADH
2 FADH
4 CO2
2 ATP

15. Oxidative Phosphorylation
Occurs in inner membrane of mitochondria
2 things happening together
- electron transport chain
- chemiosmosis
Uses NADH and FADH to produce ATP

16. Electron Transport Chain
H are removed from the NADH and FADH
H’s are passed from one molecule to another until they end up on oxygen.
What will this produce?
The passing of the H’s creates a force that causes chemiosmosis
water

17. Chemiosmosis A complex of proteins called ATP synthase produces ATP
The force for this is the movement of the electrons and protons due to the reactions of NADH and FADH

19. Poisons interrupt cellular respiration

21. Fermentation An anaerobic alternative to cellular respiration
Glycolysis is the 1st step
Two types:
- alcohol (ethanol) fermentation
- lactic acid fermentation

23. Lactic Acid Fermentation
Produces:
- the 2 ATP from glycolysis
- lactic acid
Muscle cells do this when O2 in high demand

24. Lactic Acid Fermentation

25. Alcohol Fermentation Yeast cells do this Produces:
- the 2 ATP from glycolysis
- Co2
- alcohol (ethanol)

26. Alcohol Fermentation