1. Kuiper and Allan Chapter 1.1.2
Linguistic symbols
Kuiper and Allan Chapter 1.1.2

2. Linguistic symbols have function and form
Because symbols in languages are placed in hierarchical sequences they have function and form, e.g. Mary swims.

3. Tree
sentence
word
word
Mary
swims

4. Box
sentence
word
word
Mary
swims

5. Linearity nine sounds in a linear sequence
two words in a linear sequence

6. Hierarchy The form of the first word consists of four sounds.
The form of the second word consists of five sounds.
Tree diagrams and box diagrams can show linear and hierarchical structure.
the structure of trains
function and form in trains

7. Tree diagram
train
engine trucks
engine trucks
guard’s van

8. Box diagram
train
engine cars caboose