1. The Wars of Religion (1560s-1648)

2. Politics, Religion, War Habsburg-Valois Wars
Charles V (HRE and Spain) vs. France
Took place in Italy (mainly)
HRE/Spain won
Ended by the Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis
After the Hapsburg-Valois Wars – religion became the motivation for war

3. Bigger armies – higher taxes
Gunpowder
No longer 1 emperor and 1 church

4. Civil War
In France
( )

5. Problems in France Depopulation – 100 Years War and plague Inflation
Francis I – centralized power
System of courts, French is language, Catholic is official religion
Financial problems
Nobles exempt from taxes
Taille tax – not enough to support arts and ambitious foreign policy
Concordat of Bologna – allegiance to the Pope in exchange for being able to appoint own bishops and abbots
Francis could then sell these offices to pay for wars
Church officials – not very spiritual

6. France remains Catholic, Protestantism is spreading (despite public burnings)
Calvin’s Institutes of the Christian Religion– written in French

8. The Valois Family: The Beginning of the End
Henry II (son of Francis I) was the last powerful Valois – similar policies to dad
Three weak sons followed:
Francis II
Charles IX
Henry III
½ of nobility were Huguenots (French Calvinists)
Catherine de Medici controlled the sons:
Was mother to the boys
Developed a reputation for cruelty

9. Catherine de Medici

10. Late 16th century – almost 50% of nobility was Calvinist – didn’t convert for religion, but for political reasons
Calvinists and Catholics HATE each other and the killing begins…..

11. St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre
Marriage – Margaret Valois (King Henry III’s sister) and Henry Bourbon of Navarre (Huguenot – French Calvinist)
Intended to reconcile religions
Leader of Catholic aristocracy, Henry of Guise, had a Huguenot leader (Admiral Gaspard de Coligny) attacked the night before the wedding
After Huguenot riots, Catherine order the massacre

12. St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre
August 24, 1572
20,000 Huguenots were killed
Marriage still on!

13. St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre

14. The French Civil War War of 3 Henrys (lasted 15 years)
Henry of Guise – Catholic aristocrat
Followers called “Holy League”
Henry of Navarre – Huguenot aristocrat
King Henry III - Catholic
Politiques – small group of moderates of both faiths
Need a strong monarch to restore peace – religion not that important

15. The French Civil War Henry of Guise and Henry III assassinated
Henry of Navarre became Henry IV of France
Effects of Civil War:
France was left divided by religion
Royal power had weakened
Valois family now replaced by Bourbons

16. Henry IV of France Converted to Catholicism :
Did this to compromise and make peace
Paris is worth a mass.
It’s worth converting for peace
This was an example of politique [the interest of the state comes first before any religious considerations]
Passed Edict of Nantes in 1598:
Granted religious rights to Huguenots – can publicly worship in 150 towns
Did not grant religious freedom for all

17. The Netherlands
(the Low Countries)

18. The Revolt Controlled by Spain Center of commercial activity
Charles V gave them several liberties
17 provinces – each was self-governing
Center of commercial activity
Corruption in Catholic Church led to calls for reform
Calvinism spreading – appealed to the middle class due to emphasis on hard work
Charles V left HRE and Austria to brother Ferdinand and Philip II (son) got Spain, the Netherlands, colonies
Phillip II of Spain (strict Catholic) set up Inquisition to crush Calvinism and raised taxes

19. The Revolt
1566 – Calvinists revolted, destroyed churches and libraries
20,000 troops sent and Council of Blood set up
Phillip sent troops to crush rebellion (led by Alexander Farnese) and civil war raged for 10 years
Prince William of Orange (“the Silent”) led the 17 provinces of the Netherlands
Spain held the 10 southern provinces, the 7 northern provinces formed the Union of Utrecht/United Provinces
North = Protestant; South = Catholic
1581 – Spain invaded again, England helped the Protestant Netherlands
Why? Losing money from wool trade, commercial cities falling, William the Silent killed, possible Spanish threat of England

22. The Spanish Armada
1587 – with urging of Pope, Phillip prepared a fleet to attack England
2 choices: attack English navy in Channel and then invade or assemble in low countries and stage a cross-channel assault

23. 163 armed merchant vessels Results: Spain 22 galleons
England
34 warships
163 armed merchant vessels
Results:
Won
dead
400 wounded
Spain
22 galleons
108 armed merchant vessels
Results:
Lost
1000s dead
800 wounded, 397 captured

24. The Spanish Armada
Plan – Spanish to sail into English Channel, pick up soldiers at Dunkirk, head to London
Tight crescent formation
Stopped at Calais for the night, stuck by winds from the NE

25. Elizabeth’s Tilbury Speech (You don’t have to write this)
My loving people, We have been persuaded by some that are careful of our safety, to take heed how we commit our selves to armed multitudes, for fear of treachery; but I assure you I do not desire to live to distrust my faithful and loving people. Let tyrants fear, I have always so behaved myself that, under God, I have placed my chiefest strength and safeguard in the loyal hearts and good-will of my subjects; and therefore I am come amongst you, as you see, at this time, not for my recreation and disport, but being resolved, in the midst and heat of the battle, to live and die amongst you all; to lay down for my God, and for my kingdom, and my people, my honor and my blood, even in the dust. I know I have the body but of a weak and feeble woman; but I have the heart and stomach of a king, and of a king of England too, and think foul scorn that Spain, or any prince of Europe, should dare to invade the borders of my realm; to which rather than any dishonor shall grow by me, I myself will take up arms, I myself will be your general, judge, and rewarder of every one of your virtues in the field. I know already, for your forwardness you have deserved rewards and crowns; and We do assure you in the word of a prince, they shall be duly paid you. In the mean time, my lieutenant general shall be in my stead, than whom never prince commanded a more noble or worthy subject; not doubting but by your obedience to my general, by your concord in the camp, and your valor in the field, we shall shortly have a famous victory over those enemies of my God, of my kingdom, and of my people.

26. What Happened?
Fireships!!

27. 1588 – Spanish Armada defeated by the English fleet and bad weather

28. Effects
Spain – rebuilt navy, still conflict with England, United Provinces recognized
England – Nationalism, Elizabeth gained more respect