1. Taxonomy & Classification
Complete “what do you know about classification?
Turn In

2. What am I doing today Learning how to use a dichotomous key
Learning how to read a Cladogram
Learning what is the significance of each clade

3. What am I doing today?
Dichotomous Keys- a chart that uses a series of choice to help you identify organisms
At each step in a dichotomous key you will have 2 choices! (di- means two)

4. Lets Practice Dichotomous Keys Using Smiley Faces-

5. Let’s Review Why Do Scientist Classify?
Because they work with a diversity of life
Classification-organizes organisms in a logical manner
Allows the to -Assign a universal accepted name to each organism

6. Biological Classification
Aristotle was one of the first people to classify living organisms
According to physical characteristics
Very broad grouping
Carolus Linnaeus developed a system of naming that we still use today
According to Morphology
This system is called Binomial Nomenclature (two name naming system)

7. Binomial Nomenclature
Each organism has a two part name
1. The genus is the first name and is ALWAYS capitalized
2. The species is the second part of the name and is lower case
3. Both names are either underlined or italicized
4. Example: Human = Homo sapien
Homo = the genus
sapien= species

8. Linnaeus Grouped them according to the body structures they shared
1. The groups are called taxa
2. The smallest taxa is the species
Taxonomy: the science of naming organisms

9. The system of grouping organisms is as follows:
1. Kingdom
2. Phylum
3. Class
4. Order
5. Family
6. Genus
7. Species
Human Classification
1. Kingdom – Animalia
2. Phylum – Chordata
3. Class – Mammalia
4. Order – Primates
5. Family – Hominidia
6. Genus – Homo
7. Species - sapien

10. Bigger Than Kingdoms 3 Domains to classify organisms under:
Archaea: includes the kingdom Archaeabacteria
Bacteria: includes the kingdom Eubacteria
Eukarya: includes the kingdoms protista, fungi, plantae, animalia

11. There are 6 Kingdoms!
1. Archaeabacteria- ancient bacteria that live in extreme environments
2. Eubacteria- bacteria and blue-green algae
3. Protista- paramecium, amoeba, euglena, volvox and sprirogyra
4. Fungi- mushrooms and yeast
5. Plantae- plants
6. Animalia- vertebrates (backbone) & invertebrates (no backbone)

12. Viruses: The Exception
Viruses are NOT living so they don’t fit into any kingdom
Made of a protein coat called a capsid and nucleic acid (DNA or RNA)
Example of a virus = bacteriophage
Bacteriophages attack bacteria

13. More on Viruses Viruses are pathogens (disease causing)
Specific viruses affect specific organisms (hosts)
Ex. A plant virus can’t infect an animal unless it mutates (Avian Flu) Bird Flu

14. Life Cycle of a Virus
In order to reproduce, viruses must invade or infect a living host cell
1. Start of infection: virus DNA enters the host cell (protein coat does not)
2. Virus enzymes destroy the hosts DNA but not it’s own.
3. Replication: virus makes copies of itself
A. can occur as fast as 25 minutes depending on the virus
4. The infected cell bursts and releases hundreds of virus particles that infect other cells

16. Let’s Review Viruses
c. Construct an argument supported by empirical evidence to compare and contrast the characteristics of viruses and organisms.
 Use evidence to support your position on the “classification” of viruses (living or non-living)
 Compare and contrast Viruses to Bacteria;

17. Let’s Review Viruses Chapter 18 Page Questions 1-4 and
c. Construct an argument supported by empirical evidence to compare and contrast the characteristics of viruses and organisms.
 Use evidence to support your position on the “classification” of viruses (living or non-living)
 Compare and contrast Viruses to Bacteria;
Chapter 18 Page
Questions 1-4 and
Chapter Review
Viruses vs. Bacteria

20. Let’s Review Viruses Chapter 18 Page Questions 1-4 and
c. Construct an argument supported by empirical evidence to compare and contrast the characteristics of viruses and organisms.
 Use evidence to support your position on the “classification” of viruses (living or non-living)
 Compare and contrast Viruses to Bacteria;
Chapter 18 Page
Questions 1-4 and
Chapter Review
Viruses vs. Bacteria

21. Animal Symmetry Radial Symmetry- simplest animals have this
No real head
Many are sessile (don’t move)
Body parts repeat around an imaginary line drawn through the center of the body

22. Bilateral Symmetry More complex animals have this
Body parts repeat on either side of an imaginary line drawn down the middle of the body
One side is the mirror image of the other

23. Animals with bilateral symmetry have front and back ends
Anterior- front end
Posterior- back end
Dorsal- upper side
Ventral- lower side

24. Cephalization
a concentration of organs and nerve cells in their head region
Most animals have this characteristic