1. FREQUENCY CONTROL-THE UNEXPLOITED GOLD
Presentation By:
John Muoka: Senior Engineer, TS

2. Introduction: Composition of Power System
Frequency Control-The unexploited gold
Introduction: Composition of Power System
Major Players in Power System
Power system stability-Key Parameters
Mitigation against power System instability
Frequency stability
Voltage stability
Blackout and Black start functions
Frequency stability as provided by KenGen
Example graphs.
AGENDA:
Outline

3. Composition of Power System: Typical Example of a Power System
Frequency Control-The unexploited gold
Introduction
Outline
Composition of Power System: Typical Example of a Power System

4. Power system stability-Definition
Frequency Control-The unexploited gold
Power system stability-Definition
Outline
An electric power system is a network of electrical components deployed to supply, transfer, and use electric power.
Power system stability is the ability of an electric power system, for a given initial operating condition, to regain a state of operating equilibrium after being subjected to a physical disturbance(Loss of Synchronism/Falling out of step), so that practically the entire system remains intact.

5. Major Players in a Power system stability
Frequency Control-The unexploited gold
Major Players in a Power system stability
Generation Companies
KenGen
IPPs
Transmission line operators KP
KETRACO
Distribution
Customers

6. Frequency Stability Rotor angle stability Voltage Stability
Frequency Control-The unexploited gold
Frequency Stability
Rotor angle stability
Voltage Stability
Power system stability-Key Parameters
Outline

7. Why frequency control?: Causes of power System instability
Frequency Control-The unexploited gold
Outline
Why frequency control?: Causes of power System instability
Sudden change of load
Switching operation
Loss of generation
System Faults-

8. Why frequency control?:
Frequency Control-The unexploited gold
Outline
Why frequency control?:
During above challenges we need units that can respond to frequency raise/dip

9. Why frequency control?:
Frequency Control-The unexploited gold
Why frequency control?:
Outline

10. Effects of Major system instability
Frequency Control-The unexploited gold
Why Frequency Control?
Effects of Major system instability
Loss of power to customers-load shedding
Damage to customer Equipment
Damage to transmission equipment
Damage to Generation Equipment
Loss of revenue
System blackout

11. Causes of frequency instability Loss of loads.
Frequency Control-The unexploited gold
Frequency stability
Ability of a power system to maintain steady frequency following a severe disturbance
The ability to restore equilibrium between system generation and load, with minimum loss of load or generation.
Causes of frequency instability
Loss of loads.
Loss of generation
Switching operation
Switching ON/OFF big loads.

12. Levels of frequency control.
Frequency Control-The unexploited gold
Levels of frequency control.
Primary frequency control by Turbine governors.
Secondary frequency control by AGC.
Tertiary Control: Picking plants

13. Levels of frequency control.
Frequency Control-The unexploited gold
Levels of frequency control.

14. Mitigation to frequency fluctuation Generating Plants
Frequency Control-The unexploited gold
Mitigation to frequency fluctuation
Generating Plants
Primary & Sec Freq. control
Enough spinning reserve
Grid Operator (Load shedding).
Instantaneous based
Rate of change of frequency
Time based.

15. Compensation for frequency Control
Frequency Control-The unexploited gold
Compensation for frequency Control
Frequency control is are responsibility of TSO.
This is an ancillary service as per the grid code.
Need for compensation by TSO to Generating companies providing this service

16. Frequency Control-The unexploited gold
What should KenGen do
Start discussions with TSO and ERC on how to be compensated on current frequency control service .
Train both operations & Regulatory staff on how this service should be paid in preparation to review of PPA.
Need for compensation by TSO to Generating companies providing this service
Need for Future plans to include plants that can do frequency control in all stated regimes

17. Emergence of Wind and Solar
Frequency Control-The unexploited gold
Emergence of Wind and Solar
Disadvantages
Fluctuating power source which may cause frequency and voltage instability.
Need for investment for other plants to Mitigate against frequency and voltage fluctuation. (Reserve requirements to meet reliability performance standards)
Wind variability can have a significant impact on voltage profiles calling for installation of switched capacitor banks and shunt reactors

18. Emergence of Wind and Solar Power Plants (Issues to note)
Frequency Control-The unexploited gold
Emergence of Wind and Solar Power Plants (Issues to note)

19. Emergence of Wind and Solar Power Plants (Issues to note)
Frequency Control-The unexploited gold
Emergence of Wind and Solar Power Plants (Issues to note)

20. Emergence of Wind and Solar Power Plants (Issues to note)
Power System Stability & Control
Emergence of Wind and Solar Power Plants (Issues to note)

21. Frequency Control-The unexploited gold
What KenGen has put in place in hydro plants to overcome frequency control Challenges
Governor Control Modes:
Load Control Mode
Load Control with Frequency influence Function
Pure speed control
Opening control
Isolated grid mode

22. Examples of Major Grid Disturbances-The Kenyan story.
Frequency Control-The unexploited gold
Examples of Major Grid Disturbances-The Kenyan story.

23. Frequency Control-The unexploited gold
Examples of Kenyan Grid Disturbances-Mombasa Blackout.

24. Frequency Control-The unexploited gold
Examples of Kenyan Grid Disturbances-Monkey Business at Gitaru

25. Power System Stability & Control
Questions
Thank you