1. Chemical Compounds in Cells
Chapter 1, Lesson 3

2. Uses of Organic Molecules
Americans consume an average of 140 pounds of sugar per person per year
Cellulose, found in plant cell walls, is the most abundant organic compound on Earth
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Chemistry of Life……
Atoms -
Smallest unit of matter
A molecule contains two or more of the same atom
Ex. O2
Compounds -
Combination of two or more different atoms
Ex. H2O
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4. Uses of Organic Molecules
A typical cell in your body has about 2 meters of DNA
A typical cow produces over 200 pounds of methane gas each year
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5. Carbon-based Molecules
Although a cell is mostly water, the rest of the cell consists mostly of carbon-based molecules
Organic chemistry is the study of carbon compounds
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6. Macromolecules in Organisms
There are four types of large molecules in cells:
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids
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7. Carbohydrates Carbohydrates include:
1. Small sugar molecules in soft drinks
2. Long starch molecules in pasta and potatoes
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Cellulose
Cellulose is the most abundant organic compound on Earth
It forms cable-like fibers in the walls of plants cells
It is a major component of wood
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Sugars in Water
Simple sugars and double sugars dissolve readily in water
WATER MOLECULE
They are hydrophilic, or “water-loving”
-OH groups make them water soluble
SUGAR MOLECULE
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Lipids
Lipids are hydrophobic –”water fearing”
Do NOT mix with water
Includes fats, waxes, steroids, & oils
FAT MOLECULE
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Function of Lipids
Fats store energy, help to insulate the body, and cushion and protect organs
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Fats in Organisms
Most animal fats exist as solids at room temperature (butter, margarine, shortening)
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Fats in Organisms
Most plant oils tend to be liquids at room temperature (oils)
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14. Lipids & Cell Membranes
Cell membranes are made of lipids called phospholipids
Phospholipids have a head that is polar & attract water (hydrophilic)
Phospholipids also have 2 tails that are nonpolar and do not attract water (hydrophobic)
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15. Proteins Proteins are made of amino acids
All proteins are made of 20 different amino acids linked in different orders
Proteins are used to build cells & enzymes, and do much of the work in a cell

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Four Types of Proteins
Storage
Structural
Contractile
Transport
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Proteins as Enzymes
Many proteins act as enzymes or biological catalysts
Thousands of different enzymes exist in the body
Enzymes control the rate of chemical reactions by lowering the amount of energy needed
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18. Nucleic Acids Store genetic information
Contain information for making all the body’s proteins
Two types --- DNA & RNA

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DNA
Two strands of DNA join together to form a double helix
Base
pair
Double helix
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Water
About percent of an organism is water
Water is used in most reactions in the body
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Water Properties
Helps cells keep their shape
Changes temperature slowly
Carries substances into and out of the cell.
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23. Macromolecule Webquest