1. Cellular Metabolism
Metabolism=the sum of all chemical processes in a cell.
2 types:
Anabolism
Catabolism

2. Anabolism Building large molecules from small ones Requires energy
Occurs by dehydration synthesis-water is removed and bonds are formed
Ex.monosaccharides joining to make a polysaccharide
A 1 ana 2 ana 3 ana 4…

3. Catabolism Breakdown of larger molecules into smaller ones
Releases energy
Occurs by hydrolysis-water is used to break bonds
Ex. Carbs into glucose
Glycogen into glucose
*Cat scratches couch

4. Enzymes
Control metabolic processes by lowering the activation energy needed to start the reaction
Combine with a substrate which are shape specific
Remain unchanged after reacting with a substrate. Can be reused
Can be denatured by extremes in temperature, pH, and chemicals

5. Adenosine Triphosphate
ATP-energy carrying molecule
Metabolic processes require energy.
Can get ATP from:
Anaerobic metabolism: does not require oxygen/takes place in cytoplasm/produces 2 ATP/lactic acid
Aerobic metabolism: does require oxygen/occurs in mitochondria/36 ATP

6. ATP, cont.
Energy can be released from the breakdown of carbs, lipids, and proteins
Kreb’s cycle-aka Citric Acid Cycle series of chemical reactions that turns glucose/oxygen into ATP(energy)/CO2
Cellular Respiration is Geeky(GKE)
1-Glycolysis
2-Kreb’s Cycle 3-Electron Transport

7. Nucleic Acids Contain genetic information Examples: RNA and DNA
Made of nucleotides
DNA: adenine,thymine, guanine, and cytosine
RNA: adenine, uracil, guanine, and cytosine

8. Deoxyribonucleic Acid
Found inside the nucleus
Contains genetic information about the job of the cell
Sugar-phosphate backbone with nucleotides joining in the middle(twisted double helix)
Genes: small portion of the DNA that codes for one specific protein

9. DNA, cont.
Sequence of nucleotides determines which amino acids are made and therefore which proteins will be made
The code must be taken from the DNA(chromatin in nucleus) to the ribosomes where proteins are made……RNA does this

10. Ribonucleic Acid RNA takes down the code from DNA=transcription
RNA takes the code to the ribosome where the ribosome “reads” the code=translation
The ribosomes make the specific amino acids that the code calls for

11. Nucleic Acid funfacts Adenine bonds with Thymine
Cytosine bonds with Guanine
Start code=TAC
Stop code=ATT
Sit on a tack and start making proteins
Use AT&T to call the ribosomes to stop making proteins….lame I know….

12. Things to Remember… 1 gene codes for 1 protein
There are 20 different amino acids that our bodies can make
1 codon-enough info to make 1 aa
3 nucleotides =1 codon
Codons can be found on DNA or mRNA
Anticodons are only found on tRNA
Genes are small sections on chromosomes
Human diploid number=46(somatic)
Human haploid number=23(gametes)