1. Section 2.1 ~ Data Types and Levels of Measurement
Introduction to Probability and Statistics
Ms. Young

2. Objective Why is this important?
Sec. 2.1
Objective
To be able to classify data as qualitative or quantitative, to identify quantitative data as discrete or continuous, and to assign data at a level of measurement (nominal, ordinal, interval, or ratio).
Why is this important?
Learning how to classify the data will help us in later chapters with summarizing and displaying the data. It is very important to give a representative display of the data to avoid misconceptions.

3. Data Types Two basic types: qualitative and quantitative
Sec. 2.1
Data Types
Two basic types: qualitative and quantitative
Qualitative (categorical) data – values that can be placed in non-numerical categories
Examples ~ eye color, ice cream flavors, car models, ratings (movie ratings, letter grades, pain scale ratings, etc.), social security numbers, etc.
Numbers that wouldn’t be used for computations would be considered qualitative
Quantitative data – consist of values representing counts or measurements
Examples ~ times of runners in a race, incomes of college graduates, the number of students in different classes, temperature, etc.

4. Sec. 2.1
Example 1
Classify each of the following sets of data as either qualitative or quantitative
Brand names of shoes in a consumer survey
Qualitative; brands are categorical
Scores on a multiple choice exam
Quantitative; the numbers represent a count of how many questions were right
Letter grades on an essay assignment
Qualitative; letter grades categorize based on ability level
Numbers on uniforms that identify basketball players
Qualitative; the numbers identify the player, but wouldn’t be used to make computations

5. Quantitative Data Can be classified as either continuous or discrete
Sec. 2.1
Quantitative Data
Can be classified as either continuous or discrete
Continuous data – data that can take on any value in a given interval
Can be part of a whole number
Examples ~
Weight; someone can weigh lbs
Time; the time can be part of an hour (12:48 pm)
Distance; length can be measured in parts (2.36 miles)
Money; can be part of a dollar ($5.84)

6. Quantitative Data Cont’d..
Sec. 2.1
Quantitative Data Cont’d..
Discrete data – data that can take on only particular values and not others in-between
Examples ~
Number of students (whole numbers only)
Shoe sizes (whole and half sizes only)
Number of times a student took their driver’s test (whole numbers only)

7. Sec. 2.1
Example 2
For each data set, indicate whether the data are discrete or continuous
Measurements of the time it takes to walk a mile
Continuous
The numbers of calendar years (such as 2007, 2008, 2009, etc.)
Discrete
The numbers of dairy cows on different farms
The amounts of milk produced by dairy cows on a farm

8. Qualitative Levels of Measurement
Sec. 2.1
Qualitative Levels of Measurement
A level of measurement is a further classification of qualitative or quantitative data
Qualitative (categorical) data can be classified further as either nominal or ordinal
Nominal level of measurement – characterized by data that consist of names, labels, or categories only; cannot be ranked or ordered
Examples ~ eye color, ice cream flavors, jersey numbers, and gender of animals
Ordinal level of measurement – qualitative data that can be arranged in some order (such as low to high or high to low)
Examples ~ star ratings of movies, pain level ratings, letter grades on a test, etc.
“Time out to Think” on P.56

9. Quantitative Levels of Measurement
Sec. 2.1
Quantitative Levels of Measurement
Quantitative (numerical) data, whether it’s discrete or continuous, can be further classified as interval or ratio
Interval level of measurement – applies to quantitative data in which intervals (difference) are meaningful and ratios (which involve division) are not
Data at this level have do not have a “true” zero point
Example ~ Temperature;
Intervals (differences) are meaningful - 81˚F is hotter than 80˚F by the same amount that 28˚F is hotter than 27˚F
Ratios (division) are not meaningful - 20˚F is not twice as hot as 10˚F because it’s zero point (0˚F) does not represent a state of “no heat”

10. Quantitative Levels of Measurement Cont’d…
Sec. 2.1
Quantitative Levels of Measurement Cont’d…
Ratio level of measurement – applies to quantitative data in which both intervals and ratios are meaningful
Data at this level have a true zero point
Example ~ Walking distance;
Intervals (differences are meaningful) - 10 miles is further than 5 miles by the same amount that 20 miles is further than 15
Ratios (division) are meaningful - 10 miles really is twice as far as 5 miles because there is a true zero when it comes to distance
Other examples that would be classified as a ratio level of measurement include, but are not limited to, weights, speeds, and incomes

11. Sec. 2.1
Example 3
Identify the level of measurement for each of the following sets of data
Numbers on uniforms that identify players on a basketball team
Nominal; the numbers are not numerically significant making these data qualitative and furthermore, the order is not meaningful. A player with the number 10 is not necessarily any better than a player with the number 3 on their jersey
Student rankings of cafeteria food as excellent, good, fair, or poor
Ordinal; there is no numerical significance and the categories are ranked from high to low
Calendar years of historical events, such as 1776, 1945, or 2001
Interval; this is quantitative because the numbers are meaningful, but they are only meaningful when it comes to differences. They are not significant at the ratio level because there is no “true” zero. The year 0 is not the beginning of time

12. Sec. 2.1
Example 3 Cont’d…
Identify the level of measurement for each of the following sets of data
Temperatures on the Celsius scale
Interval; the differences are meaningful, but ratios are not. There is no “true” zero point – 0 degrees Celsius does not represent a state of no heat. It would not be appropriate to say that -40 degrees Celsius is twice as cold as -20 degrees Celsius.
Runners’ times in the Boston Marathon
Ratio; time has a true zero. A time of 0 hours is the start of the race and it would be meaningful to say that 6 hours really is twice as long as 3 hours.

13. Summary Sec. 2.1 Data can be classified as qualitative or quantitative
Qualitative data can be classified as nominal or ordinal
Quantitative data can be classified as discrete or continuous and further as interval or ratio
Qualitative
Quantitative
Nominal
Ordinal
Discrete
Continuous
Interval
Ratio