1. Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration
Chapter 8 &9

2. Energy and ATP Energy begins with the sun and is cycled.
Energy storing compounds:
ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
NADH
NADPH
FADH2
ATP is the principle energy molecule.

3. ATP and ADP: How they produce energy for use
ATP is made of three parts:
Ribose (5-carbon sugar)
Adenine
Phosphate groups (3)
ADP has the same three parts, but is missing one phosphate.
The breaking of the bond that holds the phosphate releases energy.
Ribose
Adenine
(Tri) Phosphates
Phosphate
Is broken off
Energy
(Di) Phosphates

4. Converting: ADP back to ATP
Energy from food is used to reattach the phosphate to remake ATP from ADP.
This cycle occurs 10 million times per second in each cell!
ADP
Phosphate is reattached
Energy from
food
Extra phosphate group

5. Converting: ADP back to ATP
Energy from food is used to reattach the phosphate to remake ATP from ADP.
This cycle occurs 10 million times per second in each cell!
ATP

6. Methods of obtaining food
Autotroph
Make food from CO2 and an energy source (sun).
Plants, algae, some bacteria (thermal-vents).
Also known as producers.
Heterotroph
Cannot make their own food. Get food from autotrophs.
Also known as consumers.

7. Figure 8-3 Comparison of ADP and ATP to a Battery
Section 8-1
ADP
ATP
Energy
Energy
Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) + Phosphate
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
Partially
charged
battery
Fully
charged
battery

8. Food Chain Autotroph: Self-nourishing. Heterotroph: Other-nourish.
Bamboo makes food (energy).
Chimps eat bamboo.
Chimps die…
Bacteria and other organisms use its remains for food and put the nutrients back in the soil.

11. Photosynthesis
This is the process through which autotrophs make sugars.
Pigment: a molecule that absorbs certain wavelengths and reflects others.

12. Figure 8-5 Chlorophyll Light Absorption
Absorption of Light by
Chlorophyll a and Chlorophyll b
Chlorophyll b
Chlorophyll a V B G Y O R

13. Pigments: CHLOROPHYLL
The photosynthetic pigment in plants.
Absorbs violet, blue, and red light.
Chlorophyll is found in the CHLOROPLAST, a cell organelle that performs photosynthesis.

14. Chloroplasts
A single plant cell can contain anywhere from 1 to 500,000 chloroplasts.
Made of 3 basic parts: (Fig. 4.5 on p. 86)
Thylakoid: individual, disk-shaped structures.
Grana: stacks of thylakoids.
Stroma: space in between grana.
Thylakoid contains the PHOTOSYTEMS, the light collecting units of chloroplasts.

15. PHOTOSYNTHESIS 6CO2 + 6H2O  1C6H12O6 + 6O2 2 Stages Light stage
Carbon dioxide + water = sugar + oxygen
6CO2 + 6H2O  1C6H12O6 + 6O2
2 Stages
Light stage
Dark stage (Calvin Cycle)

16. Photosynthesis: An Overview
Section 8-3
H20 O2
Sugars
CO2
Light
Chloroplast
NADP+
ADP + P
Light-
Dependent
Reactions
Calvin
Cycle
ATP
NADPH
Chloroplast

17. Light Reactions Goes in: Comes out (products): Water (H2O)
Sunlight (energy)
Comes out (products):
ATP (energy storing)
NADPH (energy storing)
Oxygen

18. Figure 8-10 Light-Dependent Reactions
Section 8-3
Hydrogen
Ion Movement
Photosystem II
Chloroplast
ATP synthase
Inner
Thylakoid
Space
Thylakoid
Membrane
Stroma
Electron
Transport Chain
Photosystem I
ATP Formation

19. Dark Reactions (Calvin Cycle)
Goes in:
ATP (energy storing)
NADPH (energy storing)
Carbon Dioxide
Comes out (products):
Glucose (sugar)
1 sugar for every 6 CO2 molecules

20. Figure 8-11 Calvin Cycle Section 8-3 CO2 Enters the Cycle Energy Input
ChloropIast
5-Carbon
Molecules
Regenerated
6-Carbon Sugar
Produced
Sugars and other compounds

21. Products of the Calvin Cycle
Glucose (1 per 6 CO2)
ADP
PGAL
NADP+
Unused sugars are stored as starch.

22. PHOTOSYNTHESIS 6H2O ENERGY C6H12O6 6O2 + + + 6CO2 (carbon dioxide)
(water) +
ENERGY
(SUN)
C6H12O6
(sugar) +
6O2
(oxygen)

23. CELLULAR RESPIRATION C6H12O6 6O2 6H2O + + ATP + 6CO2 (sugar) (oxygen)
(carbon dioxide)
6H2O
(water) + +
ATP +

24. Cellular Respiration Aerobic (with oxygen): Glycolysis Krebs Cycle
Electron Transport
Anaerobic (without oxygen):
Alcoholic Fermentation
Lactic Acid Fermentation

25. Fermentation (without oxygen)
Chemical Pathways
Section 9-1
Glucose
Krebs cycle
Glycolysis
Electron transport
Alcohol or lactic acid
Fermentation (without oxygen)

26. Aerobic Cellular Respiration
Gylcolysis
Glucose  Pyruvate + 2 ATP
Krebs Cycle
Pyruvate  NADH, FADH2, + 2 ATP
Electron Transport
NADH, FADH2  32 ATP

27. Cellular Respiration: An Overview
Section 9-1
Cytoplasm
Mitochondrion
Electrons carried in NADH
Electrons carried in NADH and FADH2
Pyruvic acid
Glucose
Krebs Cycle
Electron Transport Chain
Glycolysis
Mitochondrion

28.  The Krebs Cycle
Section 9-2
Citric Acid Production
Mitochondrion

29. Electron Transport Chain
Section 9-2
Electron Transport
Hydrogen Ion Movement
Channel
Mitochondrion
Intermembrane
Space
ATP synthase
Inner
Membrane
Matrix
ATP Production

30. Anaerobic Cellular Respiration
Alcoholic Fermentation
Pryuvate  Ethanol + 2 ATP
Animal cells cannot do this!
Lactic Acid Fermentation
Pyruvate  Lactic Acid + 2 ATP
Human muscle cells during strenuous exercise.

31. ATP and CALORIES
Calorie: the amount of energy required to raise 1 gram of water 1 degree Celsius.
Why do we say that a food item has “x” amount of calories?