1. Today… Tidbits Sci Revolution Follow Up
Ch 15 whirlwind  Eastern Absolutism
Tidbits
Calendar woes  will post tonight
DBQ starting on Monday  Major grade!!

2. Faith and Reason Blaise Pascal Galileo – Separate faith from reason
 What does he say in Pensees?
 Wager?
Galileo – Separate faith from reason
“The Bible shows us how to go to Heaven, not how the heavens go”
Newton – Science PROVES God
The beautiful creation of such an orderly system of the universe "could only proceed from the counsel and dominion of an intelligent and powerful Being."

3. Absolutism in Eastern & Central Europe
Ch 15: Successful & Unsuccessful Paths to Power
Absolutism in Eastern & Central Europe

4. Habsburg Austria
Habsburg possessions consisted of Austria, Bohemia, and Hungary

5. Leopold I (1658 – 1705) – defeated Turks at Vienna
Ferdinand II ( )- Remember him? Catholic, forced Catholicism on Bohemia, they deposed him, but he was victorious in Thirty Years War anyway
Ferdinand III (1637 – 1657) –created a standing army, centralized and turned toward Hungary for land. Agreed to Peace of Westphalia
Leopold I (1658 – 1705) – defeated Turks at Vienna
Ferdinand II
Titles for all three:
Holy Roman Emperor, King of Bohemia, King of Hungary & Croatia, Archduke of Austria

6. Charles VI – Habsburg HRE, no male heir
Pragmatic Sanction stated that the possessions should never be divided, all Habsburg possessions may go to a female heir

7. Brandenburg - Prussia
The Hohenzollern family ruled the electorate of Brandenburg and Prussia
Prussia became an official Kingdom under Frederick I because the HRE granted Frederick kingship for their help in the War of Spanish Succession
(Before that only Bohemia was legally allowed to be a kingdom)
Prussia = “Sand box” of the HRE because of its poor soil & limited resources

8. Thirty years war weakened the realm and allowed the Hohenzollerns to consolidate their absolutist rule
Frederick William (the Great Elector) built a strong Prussian army and infused military values into Prussian society
Junkers were the noble landowners of Prussia
Made a deal with the Junkers, stripping their power and winning their loyalty. In return they could demand loyalty of the serfs

9. Prussian Militarism – “Sparta of the North”

10. Frederick I (1688-1713) – sought to imitate Louis XIV, became first “King” of Prussia
Frederick William I ( ) – “Soldiers’ King,” took the military to its height (quadrupled its size)
Frederick II “The Great” ( ) – under him, territories increased and Prussia reached its greatest power. Enlightened despot
Frederick II “The Great”

11. Russia Ivan the Terrible 1533-1584 Background:
The tsars and boyars struggled over who would rule the state, the tsar won and created a “service nobility” who held the tsar’s land on the condition that they serve in his army
Ivan IV – Ivan the Terrible – fought wars against Mongols, launched a reign of terror against boyar nobility, he murdered leading boyars and confiscated their estates (no private property.)
He monopolized mining and business activity, he assumed he owned all trade as he owned all land—Result: No Middle Class
Many peasants fled his rule to the newly conquered territories forming outlaw armies called Cossacks
Ivan the Terrible

12. Russia
Background
“Time of Troubles” – Increased pressured on the peasants to pay for his wars led to a breakdown of the Muscovite state after Ivan IV death.
There was no heir, relatives of the tsar fought against each other
Swedish and Polish armies invaded
Cossack bands slaughter many nobles and officials
Michael Romanov was elected tsar by the nobility in 1613
Saint Basil’s Cathedral, Moscow – onion shaped domes a striking example of powerful Byzantine influences on Russian culture

13. Romanovs brought abut the total enserfment of the people, while the military obligations on the nobility were relaxed. Peasant life became more harsh
Peter the Great (r 1682 – 1725) – reformed the army and forced the nobility to serve in his bureaucracy or army for life
He created a western styled army, won the Great Northern War against Sweden, made education away from home for noble males mandatory
Peter the Great – painting celebrates the power and determination of Russia's famous ruler

14. Military & Nobility
He modernized the army and made Russia a great power in Europe
Boyars – old nobility
Table of Ranks – replaced the boyar – place in society was based on position, not lineage
Streltsky – Moscow guards who had rebelled before, put down by Peter to secure his rule
Peter the Great

15. Westernization
Peter borrowed Western technology and hired Western advisors
Visited Europe in disguise, was fascinated by it
Infamously cut off the beards of nobles to break old traditions & encourage modernization, implemented Beard Tax to keep beard

16. St. Peterburg “Window to the West”
Inspired by Venice, Amsterdam,
Versailles
Architecture played an important role in politics because it was used by kings to enhance their image and awe their subjects (Royal Place, favorite expression of absolutist power)

17. Great Northern War
Alliance with Denmark, Poland
Invades Sweden, wants warm water ports
Denmark and Russia initially defeated
Peter reforms: nobles must serve for life; military schools; 5 years serve away from home; bureaucracy; higher taxes
Battle of Poltava – Sweden is defeated
End: Russia gains Estonia and Latvia, becomes Baltic power

18. The Expansion of Russia to 1725