1. Mahayana Buddhism

3. 1st Buddhist council 5th century BCE (543–542 BCE )
Immediately after the Buddha’s Parinibbana
Rājagṛha/king Ajāthaśatru
Subhadra
To unify the Saṃgha
Mahākāśyapa
Parinibbana:483 B.C/ Subhadra thought that now he and the others need no longer be restrained by the Buddha’s instruction. l wars or election campaigns

4. Why was not any Bhikkhuni invited?
Ānanda: Sutra/Dhrama
Upali: Vinaya  
500 Arahants Bhikkhus
Why was not any Bhikkhuni invited?
And why not the lay people who got arahantship already?
Purāṇa
It was a conservative Bhikkhu oriented council. This ill treatment of the lay people caused the sentiments and motivations of new movement and it eventually developed as Mahayana Buddhism.

5. 2nd Buddhist council 4th century BCE 100 years later Vaisālī
It concerned the allegation that certain monks at Vaisālī permitted ten unlawful practices considering that they are minor rules.
Revata: President
Questioned by Sarvagāmin
60 years after the Parinibbana i,.e. 345 BCE (Andrew Skilton)

6. It was convened to resolve a dispute over the 'Ten Points/Inappropriate behaviors:
Storing salt in a horn.
Eating after midday.
Eating once and then going again to a village for alms.
Holding the Uposatha Ceremony with monks dwelling in the same locality.
Carrying out official acts when the assembly was incomplete.
Following a certain practice because it was done by one's tutor or teacher.
Eating sour milk after one had his midday meal.
Consuming strong drink before it had been fermented.
Using a rug which was not the proper size.
Using gold and silver.

7. Sthaviravada
Mahāsaṅghika

8. The second meeting of this period
Took place some 37 years later at Pāṭaliputra
Mahādeva, who maintained five theses concerning the arahant, viz.
(1) That the Arhat could be subject to temptation,
(2) might have a residue of ignorance,
(3) have doubts,
(4) gain knowledge through another’s knowledge
(5) and enter upon the Supramundance path by means of an exclamation such as Dukkha or possibly even fall away from the path.
civil wars or election campaigns

9. The Magadha king, Mahāpadma Nanda was asked to convence a council.
He decided to adjudicate by measuring the size of the respective parties
Greater number in favor of Mahādeva’s points.
Mahāsaṅgha, the ‘greater community’ (483 BCE)
Acariyavadins

10. The Sthaviras, the elders
Scholars suggest that the first schism (Saṅghabheda) took place on the basis of differences only over Vinaya, and not over matters of doctrine.
Mahāsaṅgha itself split into two over the status of the arhat.

11. As the number of members grew, the institutional organization increased its complexity, monks expanded and elaborated both doctrine and disciplinary codes, created new textual genres, developed new forms of disciplines, and eventually divided into a number of different schools

12. Third Buddhist council
250 BCE at Pataliputra
Asoka
Moggaliputta-Tissa
The objective of the council was to purify the Saṅgha
Kathavatthu refuting the heretical, false views and theories

14. Mahāyāna (between the 1st century BCE and the 1st century AD)
Bodhisattvayāna
Does not occur in the Indian inscription untill the fifth or sixth century.
Saddharma Puṇḍarīka Sūtra (Lotus)
Goal: Samyaksaṃbuddha
Mahāyāna Buddhism flourished and spread during the dynasty of the Guptas (4th-6th century).

15. Hinayāna, early Buddhism
Yijing (7th century CE): Those who venerate the bodhisattvas and read the Mahayana sūtras are called the Mahāyānists, while those who do not perform these are called the Hīnayānists.

16. Xuanzang (7th century): the monks of the Mahāvihara as the "Hīnayāna Sthaviras", and the monks of the Abhayagiri Vihara as the "Mahāyāna Sthaviras.
The Mahāvihāravāsins reject the Mahāyāna and practice the Hīnayāna, while the Abhayagirivihāravāsins study both Hīnayāna and Mahāyāna teachings and propagate the Tipitaka.

19. Mahāyāna school Mādhyamaka school : Nāgārjuna (2nd Century A.D.)
Sunyata - everything is Void
4th Century: Asanga and Vasubandhu
Yogācāra school