1. Chapter 4
Toward a New World

2. Section 1 – Europe in the Middle Ages
QOD – How did the Black Death impact European society?
Objective – Describe key events of the High Middle Ages in Europe, including technological advances that led to the growth of cites, the dominate role played by the Church, and the devastation caused by the Black Death.

3. The New Agriculture
Between 1000 and 1300, the number of people in Europe almost doubled.
Increased stability and peace enabled food production to rise
A change of climate improved farming
Technological changes aided farming-water, wind power, and the use of iron for plows

4. The New Agriculture The manorial system consisted of a Manor
Manor- an agricultural estate
Manors were run by a lord and worked by peasants
The land-holding nobles (lords and vassals) depended on free peasants and serfs
Serfs- peasants legally bound to the land; they had to provide labor services, pay rents, and grow their own food

5. The Revival of Trade
In the 11th and 12th centuries a revival of trade changed the economic foundation of Europe
A money economy developed-banking firms were established
Commercial capitalism- investing for the purpose of profiting
The beginning of the Commercial Revolution

6. The Growth of Cities New cities and towns were founded
Typically a merchant group built a settlement near a castle or trade route and if they prospered walls were built by the lord to protect it.
Bourgeoisie- people living inside a “walled enclosure.”

7. The Growth of Cities
Compared to ancient or modern cities, medieval cities were small.
crowded, fire was a threat, dirty, and smelled of waste
Cities became manufacturing centers
Most work was done inside the houses
Later craftspeople organized into Guilds- played a leading role in economic life of cities

8. Papal Monarchy*
Papal control over the territory in central Italy known as the Papal States involved the popes in politics.
The Church became involved in the feudal system. Bishops and abbots held their offices as grants from nobles. Therefore they were vassals with allegiance to a secular authority.

9. Papal Monarchy
Pope Gregory VII- asserted the Church’s right to appoint clergy; claimed the pope’s authority extended over all the Christian world
The church reached the height of its political power in the 13th century
Innocent III- the pope during height of Church’s political power

10. New Religious Orders*
Religious enthusiasm seized Europe during the 2nd half of the 11th century and the 1st half of the 12th century.
This lead to the rise in the number of monasteries and also monastic orders

11. New Religious Orders
The most important new order was the Cistercian order.
Saint Bernard- he was an example of Cistercian monastic spiritualism; he took religion to people outside of the monastery
Female intellectuals of the Middle Ages often joined monastic orders

12. New Religious Orders
In the 13th century the Franciscan & Dominican religious orders emerged and had a strong impact on people
Franciscans- missionaries in Europe and the Muslim world. They aided the poor
Dominicans- known for combating heresy

13. Popular Religion in the High Middle Ages
Popular religious practices in the Middle Ages included
1. Church Sacraments
2. Veneration of Saints
3. Pilgrimages to holy shrines

14. The Rise of Universities
Medieval universities were educational guilds, or corporations, that produced educated and trained individuals
The first European university was in Bologna, Italy

15. Architecture
An explosion of building occurred in the 11th & 12th centuries in Medieval Europe.
Cathedrals were built in the Romanesque style which featured a basilica shape. These churches were very dark
Late in the 12th century brought the Gothic-style churches. This style is one of the greatest artistic triumphs

16. The Late Middle Ages Included the 1300s and 1400s.
This time was challenged by disastrous forces like the Black Death:
A bubonic plague that was the most common form of plague during the Black Death
Infested black rats spread the bacteria of the Black Death
It caused entire villages to simply disappear from history

17. The Late Middle Ages*
Millions died from the plague which caused severe economic consequences
Trade declined and the shortage of workers caused a rise in the price of labor and demand for food lowered resulting in falling prices
The Church declined in spiritual and political positions
The pope struggled with the king and moved to France in 1305, where popes resided until 1377

18. The Late Middle Ages
The pope returned to Rome in 1377, but after he died a division that was called the Great Schism took place.
Great Schism- began with the election of a French pope and an Italian pope
From

19. The Late Middle Ages There was also war and political instability
Hundred Years’ War- a conflict between English and France and lasted from

20. The Late Middle Ages*
15th century- rules from France, England, & other European states attempted to reestablish monarchies. These became known as the new monarchies
The Holy Roman Empire had not developed a strong monarchial rule. Germany had become hundreds of independent states
Eastern European Rulers found it difficult to centralize states
Russia had been under Mongol rule. Princes of Moscow rose to power and a new Russian state was born under prince Ivan III

21. Section 2 – The Americas
QOD – Who were the first inhabitants of the Americas?
Objective – Describe early civilizations in the Americas, with the emphasis on Mesoamerica and South America.

22. Early Americans
The Americas stretch about 9,000 miles from the Arctic Ocean in the north to Cape Horn-the tip of South America

23. Early Americans*
The Ice Age left a land bridge between Asia and North America in the Bering Strait.
Hunters and gathers crossed the bridge following their herds
These people are known as the first Americans

24. Early Americans Anasazi- one group of people native to North America
Society was shaped by the environments they faced

25. The Maya & Toltec
Mesoamerica-the name for areas of Mexico & Central America before the Spanish arrived
Olmec - the earliest Central American civilization
The Olmec civilization declined around 400 B.C.

26. The Maya & Toltec The Mayan civilization was on the Yucatan Peninsula
The Maya flourished between A.D
Mayan civilizations were built around a pyramid topped with a temple
Tikal- a large Mayan urban center

27. The Maya & Toltec
Mayan civilization was composed of city-states governed by a ruling class
The Mayans created a sophisticated writing system based on hieroglyphs

28. The Maya & Toltec Characteristics of Mayan society
1. Skilled artisans, officials, and merchants
2. a class of nobles and scribes who helped the rulers
3. a majority of people who were farmers

29. The Maya & Toltec The decline of Mayan civilization was because:
1. Invasion
2. Internal revolt
3. Reduced crop yields due to overuse of land

30. The Maya & Toltec
Toltec had their capital in Tula, near present day Mexico
Toltec were fierce and war-like
They conquered Mayan lands
Toltec civilization declined around A.D. 1200

31. The Aztec
In 12th century A.D., the Aztec began a long migration to the Valley of Mexico
Tenochtitlan- the Aztec capital city
The Aztec founded their capital on an island in Lake Texcoco in 1325

32. The Aztec
A great achievement of the Aztecs was the creation of stone roadways linking islands to the mainland.

33. The Aztec A Spanish force came to Tenochtitlan in 1519
Montezuma- gave Spanish gifts of gold, but eventually tensions arose
Hernan Cortes- commanded the forces that destroyed the Aztec capital

34. The Inca The Inca flourished in the 15th century
Pachacuti- the leader of the Inca and he began to expand their lands

35. The Inca*
Eventually the Inca empire expanded immensely and had up to 12 million people
The emperor was at the top of the system and the people believed he was a descendent of Inti, the son of god

36. The Inca*
The Incan state was built on war. The Inca army was the largest and best armed
All young men had to serve in the army.
The Inca built 24, 800 miles of roads

37. The Inca
The first Spanish expeditions arrived in the central Andes in 1530 under the command of Francisco Pizarro
Pizarro captured the capital Cuzco
Cuzco- Inca capital city
Francisco Pizarro- set up Spain’s American capital in Lima, a new colony for the Spanish Empire