1. Immigration and urbanization

2. New Immigrants
New Immigrants= Southern and Eastern Europeans during 1870s until WWI.
Came from Ireland, Germany, Italy, Greece, Poland, Hungary and Russia.
Often unskilled, poor, Catholic or Jewish, and planning to save some money to take back home.
Old Immigrants- Came before the Irish and German immigrants.
After 1900, New Immigrants made up 70% of all immigrants.
American natives felt threatened by the new immigrants

3. Immigrants from Europe
Old New New New

6. Old v. New RELIGION Protestant Catholic and Jewish BIRTHPLACE
REASONS
DESTINATION
OCCUPATION
Protestant Catholic and Jewish
North/Western Southern/Eastern Europe Europe
Both escaping poverty, religious and political persecution
Moved to farms Moved to cities in the in the Midwest Northeast
Became farmers Unskilled workers

7. Push Factors
Push Factors= Things that force/“push” people out of a place or land.
Drought or famine
Political revolutions or wars
Religious persecution
Economic struggles

8. Push Factors
1880s- Farmers had a difficult time in Mexico, Poland, and China.
1840s- many wars and political revolutions in China and Eastern Europe which caused economic troubles.
Russian and Eastern European Jews faced religious persecution and fled to the U.S. for safety.

9. Pull Factors
Pull Factors= Things that attract people to a place or land.
Plentiful Land
Employment
Religious Freedom
Political Freedom
New Life

10. Pull Factors
1862 Homestead Act and aid from railroad companies made western farmland inexpensive.
Workers were recruited from homelands to build railroads, dig mines, or work in factories.
Many wanted to find gold.
Chain immigrants= come to be with family or friends who had gone before to start new lives.

11. Journey to America
Many immigrants could barely afford a ticket to come to the U.S.
They could only pack what they could carry. (Clothes, photograph, tools for their trade)
Many would wait in line for hours to try to get on a ship and in many cases it was very dangerous to do this.

12. Journey to America
Steerage= Where most immigrants traveled on the ship.
Steerage was located on the lowest decks of the ship with no private cabins, and was dirty and crowded.
Seasickness was an issue in rough weather and illnesses spread quickly in the lower decks.

15. Immigrants Arrive in America
2 ports of entry into the U.S.
Ellis Island- New York City
Angel Island- San Francisco Bay
To enter the ports immigrants had to be healthy and show they had money, a skill, or a sponsor to provide for them.
They had to go through a series of health tests and evaluations and could possibly be sent back to their homeland if they did not meet proper guidelines..

16. Ellis Island was built in 1892 as the 1st “Immigration Center”
Later, closed in the 1940s
Today it is a museum.
The goal was to “screen” immigrants coming from Europe.
Immigrants took physical examinations and were held at Ellis Island before they were released to the US mainland.

17. Ellis Island Most European immigrants came through here. (NYC)
1st and 2nd class passengers were inspected on the ship then released.
3rd class had to go in to be inspected.
A series of medical and legal inspections would take place before you were allowed to take a ferry in to the city.
Ellis Island was the more welcoming of the two ports.

22. Angel Island
Most Chinese and Asian immigrants came through here (San Francisco Bay)
Opened in 1910.
Made it very hard for Chinese immigrants to come into the U.S.
Most had to prove they were American citizens to be let in.
Immigrants were sometimes left here for days or weeks in poor conditions.

25. Immigrants Assimilate Into Society
Assimilate = to fit in.
Most immigrants stayed in cities and lived in ethnic neighborhoods called ghettos.
These neighborhoods would share the same language, religion, and culture.
By 1890 many cities had a huge immigrant population. 4/5 people in NYC were immigrants.

26. Assimilation
Americanization = helping newcomers learn American ways. (Language, customs, dress, and diet)
In many cities Americanization institutions arose to help immigrants fit in.
America became known as the “Melting Pot”.
Immigrants usually stuck with their native cultures but children of immigrants were more likely to adopt American ways.

27. Immigrants Face Hostility
Nativism = belief that native born white Americans were superior to immigrants.
Competition for jobs and homes often fueled resentment and religious and cultural differences caused tensions as well.
Chinese Exclusion Act = 1882 Prohibited immigration by Chinese laborers, limited civil rights of immigrants in America, and forbade naturalization of Chinese residents.
A later ruling said the Chinese who were already in America were considered U.S. citizens.

28. Chinese Exclusion Act
Resentment and discrimination against the Chinese.
First law to restrict immigration.
Taking away jobs from Nativists

29. Congress also passed another act that prohibited the entry of anyone who was a criminal, immoral, or someone who handicapped.
These were the beginnings of immigration restriction in America.
A quota act is later going to be placed on how many immigrants can come to the U.S. from a given country.

30. Immigrants Change America
Immigrants changed America in many ways.
Fueled industrial growth
Acquired citizenship
Elected politicians
Made their traditions a part of American culture.
Mexican Americans developed ranching techniques.
Chinese, Irish, and Mexican workers built railroads.
Immigrants worked in coal mines, steel and textile mills, and factories.
Women immigrants worked in factories, seamstresses, laundresses, made piecework, and worked as servants.
Immigrants helped the U.S. become a world power.

31. Segregation and Social Tensions
The Gilded Age
Segregation and Social Tensions

32. Revolutionary African American Amendments
13th Amendment = Abolished slavery
14th Amendment = Citizenship to former slaves
15th Amendment = African American right to vote.

33. Government Limits African American Voting Rights
Jim Crow Laws = Laws that kept blacks and whites segregated.
Poll Tax = Required voters to pay a tax to vote.
Problem: Most African Americans could not afford to pay the tax.
Literacy Test = Take a test to see how well educated you are.
Problem: Most African Americans were denied an education.
Grandfather Clauses = Allowed people to vote as long as their ancestors voted.
Problem: Most ancestors of African Americans were slaves and could not vote.

34. New Laws Enforce Segregation
Segregation was a way of life, especially in the South.
Jim Crow railroad cars, waiting stations, Bibles, cemeteries, restaurants, parks, beaches, and hospitals.
Plessy V. Ferguson (1896) = “Separate but equal”

35. The Struggle for African American Suffrage
African American Vote After Slavery
1865 Civil War ends Reconstruction begins
1870s Reconstruction ends. 15th Amendment
1950s-1960s Civil Rights movement begins.
1900s-1940s Jim Crow laws prevent African Americans from voting
Plessy vs Ferguson effected social equality for Black Americans from 1896 to 1960’s

36. Voting Restrictions for African Americans in the South, 1889-1950’s

37. social reality
SOCIAL REALITY
Plessy vs. Ferguson, 1896
Supreme Court legalized segregation throughout the nation.
“Separate but Equal” as long as public facilities were equal
Problem: Black facilities never equal to White facilities

38. US would be segregated until the 1960’s.
SOCIAL REALITY
Plessy vs. Ferguson, 1896
US would be segregated until the 1960’s.

39. How do Black Americans overcome segregation?
Booker T. Washington
How do Black Americans overcome segregation?
Southern Perspective
Former slave
Wrote a book/Up From Slavery
Don’t confront segregation head on
Before you are considered equal in society--must be self sufficient like most Americans
Stressed vocational education for Black Americans
Gradualism and economic self-sufficiency
Founder of Tuskegee Institute

41. W.E.B. Dubois How do Black Americans overcome segregation?
Northern Perspective
Fought for immediate Black equality in society
Talented 10%: Demanded the top 10% of the talented Black population be placed into the “power positions”
Gain equality by breaking into power structure
Founder of NAACP
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People

42. W.E.B. Dubois How do Black Americans overcome segregation?
Northern Perspective
Fought for immediate Black equality in society
Talented 10%: Demanded the top 10% of the talented Black population be placed into the “power positions”
Gain equality by breaking into power structure
Founder of NAACP
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People

43. Improving Conditions for African Americans
Anti-Lynching – Ida B. Wells –Free Speech.

44. 90% of the victims were Southern 73% of the victims were black
According to the Tuskegee Institute, 4,742 lynchings occurred between
90% of the victims were Southern
73% of the victims were black
27% of the victims were white
< Tuskegee Institute statistics

45. Lynchings of Whites/Blacks
South’s Backlash1
Lynchings of Whites/Blacks
0 to 20
20 to 60
60 to 100
100 to 200
200 or more

46. For which crime was someone lynched?
Lynching took the place of “the merry-go-round, the theatre, symphony orchestra” (H.L. Mencken)
For which crime was someone lynched?
For illegal crimes, such as murder, rape, or theft
But also, people were lynched for insulting a white person, buying a car…
Or even, especially if it was a black lynching, for no crime at all. Just to remind blacks to stay in their place.
Cut off body parts as souvenirs often committed with participation by law enforcement
Thousands of spectators Waco-Jesse Washington)

47. Marion, Indiana
The infamous Lawrence Beitler photograph, 1930.
1. Beitler, Lawrence Marion, Indiana. 29 May 2006 <

48. Chinese Immigrants and Discrimination
As African Americans were facing discrimination in the South, Chinese immigrants were facing segregation in the West.
1879, California barred cities from hiring people of Chinese ancestry.
Chinese Exclusion Act
“oriental” schools for children

49. Abuses and Discrimination of Mexican Americans
Mexican Americans in the West had to show proof that they owned the land they were living on.
Problem: Most land was communally owned , not individually, so it made it difficult to show who owned the land. Legal customs were also different among the two groups.
If proof couldn’t be shown, they had to give up their land.
Many people living in the West were Mexican American and did not have any representation in the U.S. government, so it made it difficult for them to challenge land policies.

50. Mexican Americans Fight Back
In the Southwest, Mexican Americans resented the loss of land and chose to fight back.
Texas, New Mexico, Arizona and California
Las Gorras Blancas = Mexican American group who targeted the property of large ranch owners by cutting holes in fences and burning houses.

51. Women Fight For Amendments
Many women felt betrayed because they were not included in the 14th and 15th amendments.
National Woman Suffrage Association = Formed by Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton. Association fought for an amendment to allow women the right to vote.
19th Amendment would not happen until 1920.

54. Women Break Other Barriers
By 1900, one third of all college students were women.
Women fought for other social issues:
Public health and welfare reform
The Temperance Movement (ban on the sale of liquor)
Settlement houses
Child labor