1. Chapter 1, Section 2 Page # 20-27

2. Vocabulary
Republic
Julius Caesar
Consul
Augustus Caesar
Dictator
Justinian
Tribune
Code
Veto
Carthage

3. California State Standards
10.1.1: Analyze the similarities and differences in Judeo-Christian and Greco-Roman views of law, reason, faith, and duties of the individual : Trace the development of western political ideas of the rule of law and illegitimacy of tyranny, using selections from Plato’s Republic and Aristotle’s Politics.

5. How did the government of Rome develop into an Empire?
Focus Question
How did the government of Rome develop into an Empire?

7. Establishing a Republic
I B.C:
a. Romans gianed independance
& freedom from Etruscan rule
b. republic formed
c. people (masses) elected some
officials.
d. Various govt. agencies regulated
Roman life, such as the senate
(upper classes).
e. Plebeians (lower classes) had to
fight to gain political power.

9. Establishing a Republic
II. 270 BC: a. Rome (govt)controlled entire Italian peninsula b. used citizen-soldiers for army

13. From Monarchy to Republic
III. Effects:
a. The Senate was the most
powerful governing body
b. Senators made the laws
c. Plebians gained the right
to elect their own tribunes
d. Plebians gained access to
power and won safeguards
for their rights

17. From Republic to Empire
IV. Roman expansion:a. Roman armies led
a. expansion throughout-
1. Middle East
2. North Africa
3. Europe
b. battles against North African
state of Carthage
1. Punic wars, B.C.
2. Rome destroyed Carthage
3. gained control of Northern Africa
of its lands and peoples. In the eastern Mediterranean, Rome regained lands that had been conquered by Alexander the Great.
IV. Roman expansion:
a. Roman armies led expansion throughout-
1. Middle East
Carthage(North Africa), neighboring country (power) in Punic Wars.
around the Mediterranean and in the process fought the African city-state of Carthage in the Punic Wars between 246 B.C. and 146 B.C.
In the end, Rome destroyed Carthage and gained control

20. From Republic to Empire continued
V. Expansion into an Empire:
a. Political leaders & Senate came to rely on military for political power
b. soldiers loyal to military commanders, not political leaders
c. Julius Caesar, military officer, led his army in taking over Rome
d. became dictator
and was killed in 44 B.C., which brought on more civil wars.

23. From Republic to Empire continued
VI. Augustus Caesar:
a. Octavian became emperor in 31
B.C.
b. took the title of Augustus.
c. created a civil service to enforce
laws and imposed a fairer tax system.
d. He ushered in the pax Romana,
which was a 200-year period of
peace.

26. Roman Law VII. Roman laws a. laws united the empire.
b. Civil law and the law of
nations were merged to apply to
everyone in the empire.
c. Many Roman principles of law
are still practiced today.

29. Key Principles of Roman Law
VIII. Unity & Stability within Empire
a. Law of Nations Fostered unity and stability
b. Included two systems of law
1. civil law for Roman citizens
2. and law of nations(Romans believed applied to all people)
c. accused had right to face accuser and
offer defense against charge
d. guilt had to be established via evidence
e. Judges allowed to interpret laws and
expected to make fair decisions
VIII. Unity & Stability within Empire Fostered unity and stability Included two systems of law: civil law for Roman citizens, and law of nations(Romans believed applied to all people) Accused had right to face accuser and offer defense against charge Guilt had to be established via evidence Judges allowed to interpret laws and expected to make fair decisions

32. Greco-Roman Civilization
IX. Roman Culture:
a. Roman writers imitated Greek
styles but wrote in Latin.
b. Roman historians recorded
their civilization’s highs and lows.
c. The Hellenistic philosophy of
Stoicism influenced many Roman
thinkers.