1. How Species Interact
Chapter 8, Section 2

2. Think about it…
What’s the difference between an animal at the zoo and an animal in the wild?

3. In The Wild…
In the wild, organisms live in a community, take part in food webs, effect other species, use resources, and evolve/ adapt to live in their environment.

4. Each species of animal inhabits a specific niche.
A niche…
Each species of animal inhabits a specific niche.
Niche =the unique role of a species within an ecosystem.

5. Environmental factors for survival Interactions with other organisms
Niches Include:
Physical home
Environmental factors for survival
Interactions with other organisms

6. Niche is not habitat!!!
Habitat = Location!
Niche = Use of habitat!

7. Niche = Job?
A niche can also be thought of as the functional role, or job of a particular species in an ecosystem.
What is a beaver’s
niche “job”?

8. Species Interact
Interactions between species are categorized at the level where one population interacts with another.
Five major types of interactions:
Competition
Predation
Parasitism
Mutualism
Commensalism

9. The benefit or harm is in terms of total effect over time.
Based on: OR
Whether each species causes benefit or harm to the other species in a given relationship.
The benefit or harm is in terms of total effect over time.
_________________________
OVER
TIME

10. - Each individual has less access to
Competition
A relationship in which different individuals or populations attempt to use the same limited resource.
- Each individual has less access to
the resource and is harmed by competition.

11. Within species (intraspecific)
Competition
Within species (intraspecific)
require the same resources
same niche
Between species (interspecific)
Some of the same resources
in habitat
niche “overlap”

12. Competition
Can two species compete if they never come into direct contact with each other?

13. Competition
When two species are placed in a niche together, we expect one species to be more successful than the other.
Niche restriction: when each species uses less of the niche than they are capable of using.
CLOSELY RELATED SPECIES USING THE SAME SPACE.

14. An organism that feeds on another organism is called a predator.
PRedation
An organism that feeds on another organism is called a predator.
The organism that is fed upon is the prey.

15. Examples of predation:
Snakes and mice
Bats and insects
Krill and whales

16. What is the first thing you think of when you think of predation?

17. PRedation
Are there other examples of predation???
Give me some examples.

18. PRedation

19. PRedation

20. PRedation

21. PRedation

22. Parasitism
An organism that lives in or on another organism and feeds on the other organism is a parasite.
The organism the parasite takes its nourishment from is known as the host.

23. Examples of parasites include:
Parasitism
Examples of parasites include:
Ticks
Fleas
Tapeworms
Heartworms
Blood sucking leeches
AND WORST YET….

24. MISTLETOE?!?.... Wait a minute!
Parasitism
MISTLETOE?!?.... Wait a minute!

25. Parasitism
Mistletoe is especially interesting botanically because it is a partial parasite (a "hemiparasite"). As a parasitic plant, it grows on the branches or trunk of a tree and actually sends out roots that penetrate into the tree and take up nutrients.

26. Parasitism
Parasites are different than predators because the parasite lives the majority of it’s life on or in the host, and the parasite will not usually kill the host.

27. Why is it beneficial for a parasite to keep its host alive?
Parasitism
Why is it beneficial for a parasite to keep its host alive?
How is the host harmed and why?
How do we get rid of parasites?
On ourselves? On pets? In living areas?

28. Is mutualism present at a school?
A close relationship between two species in which each species provides a benefit to the other is called mutualism.
Is mutualism present at a school?

29. Mutualism
Certain species of bacteria in your intestines form a mutualistic relationship with you.
Help you break down food you couldn’t otherwise digest or make vitamins your body can’t produce itself.
In return, you give the bacteria a warm, food-rich habitat.

31. Mutualism

32. Mutualism L. acidophilus : The most commonly used
probiotic, or "friendly" bacteria. for example,
when L. acidophilus breaks down food in the
intestine, several substances are formed (such
as lactic acid and hydrogen peroxide) that
create an unfriendly environment for “bad”
bacteria.
L Salivarius is helpful for 1) cleaning the
bowel tract, 2) calming the distress caused
by food poisoning, 3) relieving flu-like symptoms,
and 4) removing plaque from teeth. L. Salivarius 
can facilitate better digestion and utilization of the
food we eat and the elimination of bad bacteria. 

33. Mutualism Lactobacillus casei is a beneficial bacteria that is
found naturally in both the mouth and intestines of
human beings. It produces lactic acid which helps
lower pH levels in the digestive system and
impedes the growth of harmful bacteria. L. casei
may be found in “raw or fermented dairy and fresh
or fermented plant products.” These sources
may include yogurt, cheese, and other types of
food sources such as fermented green olives.
According to some reports, “Scientists have
found [Lactobacillus casei] to possess beneficial
properties that support human health. It is able to
improve and promote digestion. Some strains of
the bacteria help control diarrhea, while other
strains have an anti-inflammatory effect on the gut.

34. Mutualism
There are a number of different species of bifidobacteria in the human intestinal system, three of the most important are B. longum, B. bifidum and B. infant. The onset of chronic degenerative disease is believed by some researchers to be directly linked to the declining levels of the health-giving bifidobacteria in the intestinal tract caused in part by the aging of the human body. This disappearance of bifidobacteria in the intestines is also believed to be due to the gradual disruption and change in the acid/alkaline balance of the bowels which tend to favor the growth of harmful viral and fungal organisms as well as putrefactive, disease-causing bacteria instead of the beneficial bifidobacteria.

35. Mutualism
ENOUGH ABOUT BACTERIA!!!

36. Mutualism
Flowers and their pollinators are a common form of mutualism. Pollination is a term for the sexual reproduction process in plants. In essence the male gametes (pollen) from the stamens of the flower
are moved (by some process) to the
female reproductive organs (the style
and ovary) to create the plant seed.

37. CLOWN FISH AND ANEMONES
Mutualism
CLOWN
FISH
AND ANEMONES

38. Commensalism
A relationship in which one species benefits and the other species is neither harmed nor helped is called commensalism

39. Commensalism
Remoras attach themselves to the shark and eat the leftover food remains that they can find. This would fall into the commensalism symbiotic relationship, because the remora is getting its food, and the shark gets no benefit.

40. In Summary… Relationship Species A Species B Predation Positive
Negative (dies)
Parasitism
Negative (harmed)
Mutualism
Commensal-ism
Not effected