1. Electrolytes Acids Bases
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Substances that release ions
in water
Electrolytes
Electrolytes that release hydrogen ions (H+)
in water
Acids
Bases
Electrolytes that release hydroxide ions (OH-)

2. Midpoint of the pH scale
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Measures hydrogen ion concentration pH
Midpoint of the pH scale
7.0
Optimal pH for
an animal
7.4

3. Examples of metabolic processes
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Inorganic substances
These substances usually dissociate in water to release ions. They are electrolytes.
These substances do not release ions when they dissolve in water. They are nonelectrolytes.
These type of compounds are more likely to dissolve in organic liquids (ex: ether, alcohol)
Organic substances
Examples of metabolic processes
Transport of substances into and out of cells
Muscle contraction
Nerve impulse conduction

4. Four groups of organic substances
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Salt
An electrolyte composed of oppositely charged ions
Four groups of organic substances
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic acids
Carbohydrates
These organic compounds contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. They supply much of the energy for cells.

5. Monosaccharides Disaccharides Polysaccharides
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These simple carbohydrates are
6-carbon sugars that include
glucose, fructose, and galactose.
Monosaccharides
(Simple Sugars)
Disaccharides
(Double sugars)
These complex carbohydrates are
composed of several simple sugars. They include sucrose and lactose.
Polysaccharides
(Double sugars)
These complex carbohydrates are
composed of many simple sugars. One example is plant starch.

6. Lipids Fats Unsaturated Fat
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These organic substances are insoluble in water but soluble in certain organic solvents. They include fats, phospholipids, and steroids.
Lipids
These lipids are used primarily to store energy for cellular activities. A single molecule of this type is composed of one glycerol molecule and three fatty acids.
Fats
A fat that contains one or more double bonds between its carbon atoms
Unsaturated Fat

7. Saturated Fat Phospholipids Steroids
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Saturated Fat
A fat that contains no double bonds between its carbon atoms
Lipids used as structural components in cell membranes. They are abundant in the liver and parts of the nervous system. Each molecule consists of glycerol and fatty acids.
Phospholipids
Complex lipids that include carbon rings. One example is cholesterol which is used to synthesize
other steroids.
Steroids

8. Reasons why hydrogen bonds in a protein break
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These organic substances are used as structural materials, energy sources, and hormones. Their building blocks are amino acids.
Proteins
Amino acids joined together in a string with lengths varying from less than 100 to more than 5,000
Polypeptide Chain
Reasons why hydrogen bonds in a protein break
Excessive heat
Radiation
Electricity
pH changes
Various chemicals

9. Primary Structure Secondary Structure Tertiary Structure
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Primary Structure
The structure of a protein in a simple polypeptide chain
Secondary Structure
The structure of a protein as it pleats or twists to form a coil
The structure of a protein as the pleated and coiled polypeptide chain folds into a unique 3D structure
Tertiary Structure

10. Cut along the dotted lines then fold
The structure of a protein when two or more polypeptide chains are connected to form a single protein molecule
Quaternary Structure
A large, complex organic substance composed of carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus that form nucleotides. Each nucleotide consists of:
Nucleic Acids
5-carbon sugar
Phosphate group
One nitrogenous base
This organic substance (usually a single polynucleotide chain) controls access to genes and carries out protein synthesis
Ribonucleic Acid
(RNA)

11. Deoxyribonucleic Acids
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Deoxyribonucleic Acids
(DNA)
This organic substance (usually a double polynucleotide chain) stores information in a code and synthesizes protein molecules