1. Week 6: EXTERNAL CRISIS Armahedi Mahzar ICAS Jakarta 2010
PHILOSOPHY
of SCIENCE
Week 6:
EXTERNAL CRISIS
Armahedi Mahzar
ICAS Jakarta 2010

2. Technology as the application of Science
Technology is the application of science
The development of technology can be directed to negative goals
The positive utilization of technology can also have negative impact to the environment, the society and the personality of man

3. External Crisis of Science
Negative goal
Weapon for Mass Destruction
Negative impact
Environmental Degradation
Social Fragmetation
Psychological Alienation *

4. First External Crisis of Science: Weapon of Mass Destruction
Nuclear
Chemical
Biological *

5. Nuclear Mass Destructive Weapon
In 1939, Einstein signed a letter to U.S. President Franklin Delano Roosevelt written by Leo Szillard warning that based on Szillard's research the Third Reich might be developing nuclear weapons
As a result of the Einstein–Szilárd letter, in 1939, President Franklin Roosevelt called on Lyman Briggs of the National Bureau of Standards to head "The Uranium Committee" to undertake nuclear research
In December 1941, President Roosevelt authorized the formation of the Manhattan Engineer District of the Army Corps of Engineers ( "Manhattan Project" ) as the organization that would oversee the development of the atomic bomb.
On August 6, 1945, after Japan refused to surrender unconditionally, the first atomic bomb, named "Little Boy," a 235 U-based bomb, was dropped over Hiroshima, Japan. Three days later, "Fat Man," a plutonium-based weapon, was dropped on Nagasaki.

6. Chemical Weapon of Mass Destruction
American poison gas bomb
Soviet chemical weapon canister
four categories of chemical agents:
Choking (Chlorine, Hydrogen chloride, Nitrogen oxides, Phosgene) affecting respiratory system, flooding it and resulting in suffocation; survivors often suffer chronic breathing problems
Blister (Sulfur mustard (HD, H), Nitrogen mustard (HN-1, HN-2, HN-3), Lewisite (L), Phosgene oxime (CX)) damaging skin and respiratory system, resulting burns and respiratory problems.
Blood (Most Arsines, Cyanogen chloride, Hydrogen cyanide) preventing cells from using oxygen
Nerve (Cyclosarin (GF), Sarin (GB), Soman (GD), Tabun, (GA), VX, VR, Some insecticides, Novichok) preventing the breakdown of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine in the victim's synapses and causing both muscarinic and nicotinic effects

7. Biological Weapon of Mass Destruction
American biological bomblet
Iraqi -----
Bioweapons reproduce within their host victims, who then become contagious with a deadly, if weakening, multiplier effect.
Four kinds of biological warfare agents:
bacteria,
viruses,
protists, and
fungi.

8. Second External Crisis of Science Environmental Degradation
Depletion
Pollution
Degradation
Destruction *

9. Natural Resource Depletion

10. Environmental Pollution
Air pollution
Water pollution
Soil pollution

11. Enviromental Degradation

12. Environmental Destruction

13. Third External Crisis of Science: Social Fragmetation
 Industrialization 
Urbanization
Fragmentation *

15. Fourth External Crisis of Science: Personal Alienation
Social
Natural
Technical *

16. Alienation to Social World
An individual's estrangement from traditional community and others in general.
In emerging industrial production workers inevitably lose control of their lives and selves, in not having any control of their work.
Workers never become autonomous, self-realized human beings in any significant sense, except the way the capitalist want the worker to be realized.

17. Alienation to Natural World
An individual's estrangement from nature.
Technology disturbs the metabolic interaction between man and the earth, i.e. it prevents the return to the soil of its constituent elements consumed by man in the form of food and clothing; hence
Technology hinders the operation of the eternal natural condition for the lasting fertility of the soil

18. Alienation to Technology
An individual's estrangement from technology
variations of alienation :
Powerlessness,
Meaninglessness,
Normlessness,
Dehumanization,
Atomization