1. Introduction to Biomass Gasification and Overview of it through Paper Review Special Topics in Fuel Cell
Hong-Min Cho
Prof. Yong-Tae Kim
Pusan National University Energy Conversion System Laboratory
Pusan Clean Coal Center

2. Contents Gasification 1 2 Biomass Gasification
- Introduction to gasification
- Gasification technologies
- Applications and products
Biomass Gasification 2
- Introduction to biomass
- Characteristics of Biomass Gasification
- Experimental researches
Conclusions & Future Plan 3
References 4

3. Gasification _ Introduction to Gasification
- Flexible, reliable and clean energy technology
- Low-value feedstocks to High-value products
- Any material containing carbon ; coal, petcoke, biomass, waste
- Production ; Electricity, Substitute Natural Gas, Fuels, Fertilizer, Chemicals
Gasification vs. Combustion
CO < --- C--- > CO2
H < ---H--- > H2O
N < ---N--- > NOx
H2S < ---S > SOx
Source : Gasification, 2nd edition, Christopher Higman, Maarten der Burgt 저, 고동준, 김형택, 이시훈, 이진욱, 이 찬, 이태진 역

4. Gasification _ Introduction to Gasification
1. Oxidation (Char / Partial Oxidation, Hydrogen Combustion)
- To obtain the thermal energy required for endothermic processes, to maintain operative temperature
2. Drying
- Evaporation of contained moisture
3. Pyrolysis & Reduction ( 4 major reactions)
- Thermochemical decomposition of matrix carbonaceous materials
- Chemical equilibrium
4. Tar Decomposition
Pyrolysis & Reduction
Fuel + Oxygen -> H2 + CO + CO2 + CH4 + H2O + Char Endo
C + CO2 <--> 2CO 172 kJ/mole Boudouard Reaction
C + H2 <--> CO + H2 131kJ/mole Reforming of Char
CO + H2O <--> CO + H kJ/mole Water Gas Shift Reaction
C + 2H2 <--> CH kJ/mole Methanation
Source : Biomass gasification technology : The state of the art overview, Journal of Energy Chemistry, 25(2016) 10-25
Source : Gasification, 2nd edition, Christopher Higman, Maarten der Burgt 저, 고동준, 김형택, 이시훈, 이진욱, 이 찬, 이태진 역

5. Gasification _ Gasification Technologies
Entrained Flow Reactor : Slagging Type / Any coal rank / High Outlet GT( `C) / Pure gas / High Carbon Conversion / High Oxidant Demand
Fixed Bed Reactor : Dry bottom or Slagging / High rank coal / Low Outlet GT( `C) / Hydrocarbons in gas / Low Oxidant Demand
Fluidized Bed Reactor : Dry ash / Any coal rank / Moderate Outlet GT( `C) / Lower Carbon Conversion / Moderate Oxidant Demand
Source : Biomass gasification technology : The state of the art overview, Journal of Energy Chemistry, 25(2016) 10-25
Source : Gasification, 2nd edition, Christopher Higman, Maarten der Burgt 저, 고동준, 김형택, 이시훈, 이진욱, 이 찬, 이태진 역

6. Gasification _ Applications & Products
1. Electricity and Heat Production
- Steam Turbine or Gas Turbine ( syngas combustion ) / Co-combustion / High Temperature Fuel Cell
2. Gaseous Products
- Biomethane (Syngas + Catalyst systems) / Hydrogen ( Water-Gas Shift Reaction / CO + H2 <-> CO2 + H2)
3. Liquid Bio-fuels
- Ethanol (Syngas thermochemical catalyst conversion) / Methanol / Biodiesel / Bio-dimethylether
Source : Biomass gasification technology : The state of the art overview, Journal of Energy Chemistry, 25(2016) 10-25

7. Biomass Gasification _ Introduction to biomass
1. CO2 Neutral
2. High bulk volume / High moisture content / Low calorific value / Low grindability
3. Composition with Cellulose , Hemicellulose , Lignin, Proteins
4. Inorganic Contents ; Alkali and alkaline earth metals, chlorine -> Slagging & Fouling
5. Forestry ; dedicated forestry, forestry by-products / Agriculture ; dry / Industry / Waste
Source : Biomass gasification technology : The state of the art overview, Journal of Energy Chemistry, 25(2016) 10-25

8. Biomass Gasification _ Characteristics of Biomass Gasification
Upstream Processing (Pre-treatment)
- Size reduction
- Drying
- Torrefaction
- Hydro thermal upgrading (HTU)
Downstream Processing
- Tar decomposition
- Syngas reforming
- Catlyst systems
Source : Thermochemical Biomass Gasification : A Review of the Current Status of the Technology, Energies, 2009, 2,

9. Biomass Gasification _ Characteristics of Biomass Gasification
Torrefaction
- A thermal pretreatment of biomass where raw biomass is heated in an inert atmosphere at temperatures of `C
- Benefits accomplished by torrefaction ; higher heating value, lower atomic O/C and H/C ratio and moisture contents, higher hydrophobicity, improved grindability, reactivity
Source : A state-of-the-art review of biomass torrefaction, densification and applications, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 44 (2015)

10. Biomass Gasification _ Experimental Researches
1. An Experimental Investigation of Hydrogen Production From Biomass Gasification
- Benchscale Fluidized Bed Gasifier
- Theoretical hydrogen yield ; 165 g / kg
- Experimental 76 g at 750 `C / 126 g at 950 `C
- Over all conditions, hydrogen yield potential proved to be most sensitive to equivalence ratio, exhibiting an increase of 108 % (relative) in yield of decreasing equivalence ratio from 0.37 to 0.0.
Source : . An Experimental Investigation of Hydrogen Production From Biomass Gasification, J. Hydrogen Energy, 1998, 23, 8 ,

11. Biomass Gasification _ Experimental Researches
2. An Experimental Study on Biomass air-stream gasification in a fluidized bed
- Fluidized Bed Gasifier
- Gas yield varied from 1.43 to 2.57 Nm3/kg ; gas LHV
- Carbon conversion efficiency varied from 68.67% to 95.10% steam decomposition btw 16.85% %
- Too high a temperature lowered gas heating value
Source : . An Experimental Study on Biomass air-stream gasification in a fluidized bed, Bioresource Technology 95 (2004)

12. Biomass Gasification _ Experimental Researches
3. Catalytic Gasification of Biomass to Produce Hydrogen Rich Gas
- Fluidized Bed Gasifier
- The experimental results show that fresh, nickle based catalysts are extremely active for the elimination of CH4 and tars : about 2 m3 of gas are obtained per kg of biomass, H2 content high 60% by volume
Source : . Catalytic Gasification of Biomass to Produce Hydrogen Rich Gas, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 23(1998), 7,

13. Biomass Gasification _ Experimental Researches
3. A Simulation Study on The Torrefied Biomass Gasification
- Biomass gasification was simulated using Aspen Plus with a two-stage gasification model based on Gibbs free energy minimization approach for comparing untreated and torrefied biomass.
- Torrefied biomass gives higher H2 and CO contents and higher cold gas and energy efficiencies
Source : . A simulation study on the torrefied biomass gasification, Energy Conversion and Management, 90 (2015)

14. Conclusion & Future Plan
Gasification is commercial, but only a very few processes have been used with many reactants and products
Biomass as an alternative solid fuel, has been used as gasification stocks, but there are several problems for application to gasification
Hydrogen can be largely produced by gasification and rather complex catalyst reactions have to be applied
Biomass torrefaction, as a pre-treatment of biomass, have been conducted and will be related to gasification
Large number of research about modeling of biomass gasification and that will be studied for future research.

15. References
1. Gasification, 2nd edition, Christopher Higman, Maarten der Burgt 저, 고동준, 김형택, 이시훈, 이진욱, 이 찬, 이태진 역
2. Biomass gasification technology : The state of the art overview, Journal of Energy Chemistry, 25(2016) 10-25
3. Thermochemical Biomass Gasification : A Review of the Current Status of the Technology, Energies, 2009, 2,
4. A state-of-the-art review of biomass torrefaction, densification and applications, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 44 (2015)
5. An Experimental Investigation of Hydrogen Production From Biomass Gasification, J. Hydrogen Energy, 1998, 23, 8 ,
6. Catalytic Gasification of Biomass to Produce Hydrogen Rich Gas, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 23(1998), 7,
7. A simulation study on the torrefied biomass gasification, Energy Conversion and Management, 90 (2015)

16. Thank you.