1. Preview p.106
Why do you think people go to college?

2. Motivation pp

3. Motivation
The need or desire that energizes and directs behavior

4. Instincts and Evolutionary Theory
Instinct: an unlearned, innate, and automatic response to a specific stimulus
Charles Darwin’s Evolutionary Theory
Instincts are a product of Natural Selection: Instinctual behaviors that increase reproductive success become more frequent, others die out
Basic emotions are included among instincts

5. Drives and Incentives Drive Reduction Theory (Clark Hull)
Behavior originates from the physiological need for food, water, and air. These needs create tension away from homeostasis.
When needs are met (homeostasis), arousal is low; need gives rise to drives
Pleasurable Vs. Enjoyable

6. Comprehension Check
Explain why drive-reduction theories cannot explain all types of motivation.
GIve an example of drive-reduction theory.
How is homeostasis involved in Drive-reduction theory?

7. Optimum Arousal Theory
Arousal is the result of several heightened physiological states
Motivation is directed at maintaining an optimum, stable level of arousal.

8. Yerkes-Dodson Law
Difficult or challenging tasks cause arousal to be lower, and easy task cause arousal to be higher

9. Incentive Motivation
External stimuli “push” people to positive incentives and “pull” people away from negative incentives
Ex. Overtime, Dog Treats

10. Humanistic Theory of Motivation
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs explains how a person achieves his or her potential

11. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Self-actualization: achievement of one’s potential
Esteem needs: feels of worth and accomplishment
Belongingness and love needs: supportive friendships and intimate relationships
Safety Needs: security and stability
Physiological Needs: food and water

12. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs – Average Satisfaction
85% of Physiological Needs
70% of Safety Needs
50% of Belongingness and Love Needs
40% of Self-Esteem Needs
10% of Self-Actualization Needs

13. Maslow
Have you ever experienced true hunger or thirst that displaced your concern for other, higher-level needs?
Do you usually feel safe, loved, confident?
How often are you able to address what Maslow calls your “self-actualization” Needs?

14. Theory?
While on a long road trip, you suddenly feel very hungry. You see a diner that looks pretty deserted and creepy, but you are really hungry, so you stop anyway. What motivational perspective would most easily Explain this behavior, and why?

15. HUNGER
Keys (1950) : Subjects received just enought food to maintain weight, and then gradually reduced the amount over 6 months
Men were obsessed with food
Lost interest in Sex and Social Activities

16. The Physiology of Hunger
Hypothalamus
ventromedial- stops hunger
lateral- initiates hunger
CCK (cholescystokinin) acts as a neurotransmitter signifying short-term satiation
Leptin released in the bloodstream
Insulin is a hormone that is used to convert glucose to energy. Insulin levels increase, Glucose levels decrease --> hunger

17. Body Weight
Basal Metabolic Rate regulates the expenditure of energy used to maintain our body’s vital functions.
A person’s ideal weight, called the set point, is maintained though increases or decreases in BMR.
Body mass Index (BMI): is the measure of a person’s weight in proportion to their height.

18. Eating Disorders
Motive for abnormal thinness overwhelms normal homeostatic pressures
Cultural Pressures + Low Self-Esteem + Stressful Lifestyle --> Eating Disorder

19. The Psychology of Hunger
Memory of when we at last
Expectation of when we should eat again
Taste Preferences

20. Process p.106 Do you feel in touch with your body’s hunger signals?
Do you eat when body needs food?
Or do you tend to be more externally influenced by enticing foods even when you’re full?