1. The Human Body: An Orientation

2. The Human Body—An Orientation
Anatomy
Study of the structure and shape of the body and its parts
Physiology
Study of how the body and its parts work or function

3. Anatomy—Levels of Study
Gross anatomy
Large structures
Easily observable
Figure 14.1

4. Anatomy—Levels of Study
Microscopic Anatomy
Very small structures
Can only be viewed with a microscope
Figure 14.4c–d

5. Levels of Structural Organization
Smooth muscle cell
Molecules
Atoms
Smooth muscle tissue
Epithelial tissue
Connective tissue
Blood vessel (organ)
Cardio- vascular system
Cellular level Cells are made up of molecules
Tissue level Tissues consist of similar types of cells
Organ level Organs are made up of different types of tissues
Organ system level Organ systems consist of different organs that work together closely
Organismal level Human organisms are made up of many organ systems
Chemical level Atoms combine to form molecules
Figure 1.1

6. Levels of Structural Organization
Molecules
Atoms
Chemical level Atoms combine to form molecules
Figure 1.1, step 1

7. Levels of Structural Organization
Smooth muscle cell
Molecules
Atoms
Cellular level Cells are made up of molecules
Chemical level Atoms combine to form molecules
Figure 1.1, step 2

8. Levels of Structural Organization
Smooth muscle cell
Molecules
Atoms
Smooth muscle tissue
Cellular level Cells are made up of molecules
Tissue level Tissues consist of similar types of cells
Chemical level Atoms combine to form molecules
Figure 1.1, step 3

9. Levels of Structural Organization
Smooth muscle cell
Molecules
Atoms
Smooth muscle tissue
Epithelial tissue
Connective tissue
Blood vessel (organ)
Cellular level Cells are made up of molecules
Tissue level Tissues consist of similar types of cells
Organ level Organs are made up of different types of tissues
Chemical level Atoms combine to form molecules
Figure 1.1, step 4

10. Levels of Structural Organization
Smooth muscle cell
Molecules
Atoms
Smooth muscle tissue
Epithelial tissue
Connective tissue
Blood vessel (organ)
Cardio- vascular system
Cellular level Cells are made up of molecules
Tissue level Tissues consist of similar types of cells
Organ level Organs are made up of different types of tissues
Organ system level Organ systems consist of different organs that work together closely
Chemical level Atoms combine to form molecules
Figure 1.1, step 5

11. Levels of Structural Organization
Smooth muscle cell
Molecules
Atoms
Smooth muscle tissue
Epithelial tissue
Connective tissue
Blood vessel (organ)
Cardio- vascular system
Cellular level Cells are made up of molecules
Tissue level Tissues consist of similar types of cells
Organ level Organs are made up of different types of tissues
Organ system level Organ systems consist of different organs that work together closely
Organismal level Human organisms are made up of many organ systems
Chemical level Atoms combine to form molecules
Figure 1.1, step 6

12. Organ System Overview Integumentary Forms the external body covering
Protects deeper tissue from injury
Helps regulate body temperature
Location of cutaneous nerve receptors
Figure 1.2a

13. Organ System Overview Skeletal Protects and supports body organs
Provides muscle attachment for movement
Site of blood cell formation
Stores minerals
Figure 1.2b

14. Organ System Overview Muscular Produces movement Maintains posture
Produces heat
Figure 1.2c

15. Organ System Overview Nervous Fast-acting control system
Responds to internal and external change
Activates muscles and glands
Figure 1.2d

16. Organ System Overview Endocrine Secretes regulatory hormones Growth
Reproduction
Metabolism
Figure 1.2e