1. Tonga Institute of Higher Education IT 141: Information Systems
Lecture 5:
Using Computers:
Important Ideas

2. Topics What is a computer Relationship between hardware and software
Parts of a typical computer
Peripheral Devices
User interfaces
Artificial Intelligence

3. What is a computer?
Before the 1940s, a computer was a person who did math problems all day.
For example, in a war the army needed to know where bombs would land and how to aim the guns.
To do this people needed to do math equations
Typically the “computers” were all women and it was considered an easy, but repetitive job
In 1945, during World War II, scientists started working on an electronic computer called EDVAC
The computer was based on ideas by John von Neumann

4. John Von Neumann

5. What a computer does Input
A computer accepts input from a variety of devices: mouse, keyboard, scanner…
It will then process this input in some manner based on what it has been programmed to do

6. What a computer does Process data
Data comes in many forms for a computer, images, movies, text files, keyboard input.
A computer must be programmed to decide what to do with the data
The part that decides is the central processing unit (CPU), usually called the processor
Based on what program is running, the data will be changed or used in different ways

7. What a computer does Storing data
If a computer couldn’t save data, it would not be very useful. Each time it started you would need to put back all your data, even the operating system (like Windows XP)
The memory of the computer is located in a few places.
On the Hard Disk, a magnetic disc that saves data for about 10 years before dying
In RAM, which is memory inside the computer that the processor uses to remember things while it is running

8. What a computer does Output data
If a computer couldn’t output data, you wouldn’t know what it was doing.
A monitor is an output device, just like a printer, a fax machine, even a modem.
Output is the result of data being processed

9. Computer Systems Hardware
The hardware of the computer is responsible for making things happen
Examples:
executing instructions,
storing data,
sending data over a network
Reading input from a mouse
But the hardware would not perform any of these actions without something telling it what to do
Hardware needs software to tell it what it should do, just like a car needs a person to drive it

10. Computer Systems Software
Software is a set of instructions that when performed in order produces a "program"
Without software, a computer would do nothing.
The hardware needs instructions (that come from software) to tell it what actions to perform
If you tried to use a CD player without a CD, nothing would happen
Software can instruct the hardware to print a document, read a CD or display graphics on a monitor

11. Types of computers Personal Computers (PCs)
Used in home and office. Typically cost about $500 US and can either stand alone or be networked together

12. Types of Computers Laptops
Personal computers that have been made smaller so they may be transported easily
All the pieces inside a laptop are custom-made to fit and work within a small space
Laptops are usually more expensive because the parts have to be specially made.

13. Types of Computers Supercomputers
Fastest and most expensive. They can cost upwards of 35 million dollars.
Used for “computer-intensive” tasks like weather prediction, molecular computing, breaking codes
Problems that requires many calculations with math formulas can be used on a supercomputer
A team of Japanese scientists used the world’s fastest computer to predict weather for the next 100 years for the entire world.
The fastest supercomputers can do 1 trillion calculations per second

14. The Components of a Computer

15. Computer Networks
A network connects multiple computers together so that they communicate in some way. For example, sharing data and files, playing games or using videoconferencing.
Networks, if made correctly, should be secure. To gain access to the network you must supply a user name and password, just like our network.
The username and password are then sent over the network, through the wires, to the server. The server will then check to see if the right password was entered for that user.
If it was the right password, the user will gain access.
This is called “authentication”

16. The User Interface
The user interface is the way that the user works with the computer.
Usually, this involves using the mouse and keyboard while viewing the actions on a monitor.
The importance of a good user interface cannot be underestimated.
If people are not able to use programs because they are too difficult or complicated, the program is not useful
Good user interfaces are very important to successful software.

17. User Interfaces: The Command Line
A prompt is a message that asks the user to type some information.
This kind of interface is usually called the command line interface
Prompts are used with “text-based” programs.
This means programs that do not have graphics.
On Windows 7, you can access a prompt by going to Start  Run and typing “cmd.”
If you are not allowed to do that, you can use a prompt on the server at tihe.org by going to Start  Run and typing “telnet tihe0”
A command prompt 

18. Using Commands
Commands are words that you can enter on a prompt that will perform some action.
Some like print, save, begin are self-explanatory
Some commands are harder to understand and take a long time to learn them all
When you use a prompt and commands, this is called a command-prompt user interface.
The opposite is to use graphics, like Windows.
This is a graphical user interface (GUI)

19. The GUI: Menus and Dialogs
Menus display a list of commands in a graphical display. They simplify the use of a program
Dialog boxes are windows that pop-up and ask for the user to enter some sort of data in order for the program to continue running

20. Graphical Objects
Window – a box that opens on the screen that allows the user to do something
Button - a box, that if pressed, will execute a command and do something in the program
Icon – a small picture that represents the program.

21. Pointing Devices
A pointing device is known as a mouse. Some have two buttons, some three
By moving the device and clicking once or twice, different commands can be executed on a GUI (graphical user interface)

22. Artificial Intelligence
How much “intelligence” can a computer have? And what is intelligence?
Alan Turing, in the 30s, created the Turing Test, to determine artificial intelligence.
In his test, he first put a person in front of a computer and let him type whatever he wanted.
If the computer responded and the person could not determine if it was a person or a computer at the other end, then the other side was "intelligent"
If the other side was a computer, then it was "artificially intelligent"

23. Artificial Intelligence
Today, many researchers use the idea of artificial intelligence to solve problems for:
Speech Recognition
Financial Predictions
Weather forecasting
Network traffic routing
This means that they try to make computers “think” for themselves, instead of doing only what they are “programmed” to do
Whether we will ever be able to make a computer that can really think on its own is a great matter of debate amongst computer scientists.

24. Summary What is a computer What does a computer do Computer Systems
Types of computers
Networks
The user interface AI