1. The Furnace of Civil War

2. Union Strategy Slowly suffocate South by blockading its ports
Liberate the slaves and undermine South’s economy
Cut the Confederacy in half by seizing the Mississippi
Chop Confederacy in pieces by sending troops through GA, SC, NC
Capturing Richmond
Try everywhere to engage Confederacy’s main strength
“Anaconda Plan”

3. Scott's Great Snake
Scott's Great Snake
General Winfield Scott's scheme to surround the South and await a seizure of power by southern Unionists drew scorn from critics who called it the Anaconda plan. In this lithograph, the "great snake" prepares to thrust down the Mississippi, seal off the Confederacy, and crush it. (Library of Congress)
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

4. War at Sea Blockade of 3500 miles difficult at best
North converted yachts and ferryboats
Concentrated on main ports
Britain recognized the blockade as that was Royal Navy’s best-used weapon
*Blockade-running profitable
Risks great, but high prices brought large profits

5. Ironclads Confederacy plated sides of Merrimack with iron
Easily defeated two wooden Union ships
Threatened Union blockade
*March 9, 1862: Merrimack fought Union’s Monitor to a standstill
First battle-testing of ironclads spelled doom for wooden ships

6. Pivotal Point: Antietam
Lee thrust into Maryland after success of Second Bull Run
Wanted to encourage foreign intervention and seduce Border States to leaving Union
2 Union soldiers found Lee’s plan dropped by Confederate officer
Lee halted at Antietam on September 17, 1862 in bloody battle
Military draw

7. Antietam
Antietam
In the photograph of Antietam, dead rebel gunners lie next to the wreckage of their battery. (Library of Congress)
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

8. Antietam dead, Confederates lined for burial
This photograph of corpses awaiting burial was one of ninety-five taken by Mathew Brady and his assistants of the Antietam battlefield, the bloodiest single day of the war. It was the first time Americans had seen war depicted so realistically. When Brady's photographs went on display in New York in 1862, throngs of people waited in line to see them. (Library of Congress)
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

9. Pivotal Point: Antietam
Results:
London and Paris declined to help Confederacy
*Lincoln launched his Emancipation Proclamation
*Announced that as of January 1, 1863, slaves in rebellious states were “forever free”
*Border States not affected

10. *Proclamation without Emancipation
Thousands of slaves flocked to invading Union armies
Goal not only to liberate slaves but to strengthen the Union’s moral cause
Ardent abolitionists said Lincoln did not do enough
Those with Southern sympathies felt he went too far
Diminished moral cause of the South

11. Freedom to the Slave, 1863
Freedom to the Slave, 1863
This engraving celebrating the Emancipation Proclamation first appeared in While it places a white Union soldier in the center, it also portrays the important role of African American troops and emphasizes the importance of education and literacy. (The Library Company of Philadelphia)
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

12. Blacks Battle Bondage Black enlistees accepted as manpower ran low
180,000 served, most from slave states, with 2 full regiments from MA
Fought in 500 engagements, high casualties
Not recognized by CSA as POWs, but as slaves in rebellion
Confederacy did not use black troops until end of war
Most forced to work shoring up defenses

13. Black Troops from Company E
Company E, 4th U.S. Colored Infantry, photographed at Fort Lincoln, Virginia, in Nothing so symbolized the new manhood and citizenship among African Americans in the midst of the war as such young black men in blue. (Chicago Historical Society)
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

14. A Harvest of Death, Gettysburg, July 1863
(Library of Congress)
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

15. *Martyrdom of Lincoln
April 14, 1865: Lincoln assassinated at Ford’s Theater in DC
John Wilkes Booth
Lincoln’s death calamity for North and South
Increased bitterness in North
Reconstruction more brutal for the South. Why?

16. Aftermath of the Nightmare
*Over 620,000 died in action or from disease
Over a million seriously injured or dead
Direct costs of $15 million
Does not include continuing costs (pensions, etc)
Nullification and secession laid to rest