1. Immunological Technique
Is done in many areas of the clinical laboratory-microbiology, chemistry, toxicology, immunology, hematology, cytopathology, immunohematology(blood banking)-and great variety of specimens are tested .

2. Conventional antibody production
The primary goal is to obtain high titer, high affinity antiserum for use in experimentation or diagnostic tests.
Use of laboratory animals
Polyclonal antibodies are antibodies that are derived from different B-cell lines.
They are a mixture of immunoglobulin molecules secreted against a specific antigen, each recognizing a different epitope.
they are particularly useful for techniques such as agglutination or immunoprecipitation, which rely on the ability of the antibody to form a large antigen-antibody complex.
Monoclonal antibodies are antibodies that are derived from a single B-cell clone
Immunoglobulin molecules secreted against a specific antigen, each recognizing a the same epitope.

4. Monoclonal Antibodies
Figure 18.2

5. Monoclonal Antibodies
Monoclonal antibodies are used in:
Serological identification ( diagnostic) tests
To prevent tissue rejections
Anti IL-2 (T- and B-cell proliferation) ,
have been used to treat rheumatoid arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis in more than a million patients. Which reduce proinflamatory cytokine cascades; help to alleviate pain, stiffness, and joint swelling; and promote healing and tissue repair.
Anti TNF-α
To make immunotoxins to treat cancer.
Immunotoxins can be made by combining a monoclonal antibody and a toxin diphtheria toxin ;
The antibody localize the target (antigen)
The toxin will then kill a specific antigen.( toxin part will destroy the cell)
Anti growth factor receptor e.g, anti HER-2 for breast cancer