1. Mass Society

2. There was a rapidly expanding European population from 1850 to 1914
Went from 260 to 450 million people
Europe began to adopt the modern population trend of smaller family sized with an increasing life expectancy

3. In addition to the rising population, more people congregated in industrial cities
Cities ballooned in size, taxing infrastructure and causing a myriad of problems

4. Medicine Discovery of bacteria and the germ theory of disease
Louis Pasteur devised a method for killing microorganisms in liquid
Joseph Lister developed the first antiseptic treatment for wounds
Soon would be the development of anesthetics

5. Urban Reform and Mass Leisure
By 1870, most governments recognized the need for urban reform
Began to address problems such as pollution, working and living conditions and transportation
Advocated for the development of public parks, architectural attractions and cultural amenities

6. Social reformers addressed the need for public housing for the poor classes
An increase in leisure time coincided with urban reform
Many reformers were concerned about the using of time for excessive drinking, crime or revolutionary agitation

7. Cities created organized leisure pursuits to meet this need
Sports team paralleled military discipline
Rules were formalized to allow for orderly play and avoid violence
Created gymnastics associations to promote discipline and physical fitness
Racial Darwinism influenced the notions of national health
First modern Olympiad held in 1896 in Athens

8. Education and Literacy
Literacy rates increased markedly in the period from
State supported compulsory education as essential to their national interests
Governments increasingly exploited nationalism and xenophobia for purposes of national unity

9. Family and Childhood
In Britain, Queen Victoria became the model for domestic propriety
This idea reflected distinct gender roles for men and women
Males were to dominate business, politics and war
Women managed the domestic sphere

10. Isabelle Beeton published her Book on Household Management
European families invested increasing resources in the upbringing of their children
Began restricting child labor and providing compulsory education
The Boy and Girl Scouts were founded