1. INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE
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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE
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created by Vivi Sahfitri
Created by Vivi Sahfitri

2. Architecture & Organization
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Architecture & Organization
Architecture is the set of attributes visible to the programmer
Instruction set, number of bits used for data representation, I/O mechanisms, addressing techniques.
Examples:
Does this processor have a multiply instr.?
How does the compiler create object code?
How best is memory handled by the O/S?
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created by Vivi Sahfitri
Created by Vivi Sahfitri

3. Architecture vs. Organization (continued)
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Architecture vs. Organization (continued)
Organization is how features are implemented
Control signals, interfaces, memory technology.
Examples:
Is there a hardware multiply unit or is it done by repeated addition?
What type of non-volatile memory is used to store the BIOS?
1/17/2019
created by Vivi Sahfitri
Created by Vivi Sahfitri

4. Architecture vs. Organization (continued)
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Architecture vs. Organization (continued)
All Intel x86 family share the same basic architecture
The IBM System/370 family share the same basic architecture
Consistent architecture gives code compatibility, at least backwards, thus protecting user’s software investment
Organization differs between different versions
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created by Vivi Sahfitri
Created by Vivi Sahfitri

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COMPUTER GENERATE
I: ’46 – ’57: UNIVAC 1103
Bahasa Rakitan
Vacuum Tube
instruksi/detik
II: ’58 – ’64: IBM 7094
Bahasa Tingkat Tinggi (Fortran, Cobol), Kompilator
Transistor
I/O & Processor Parallelism
instruksi/detik
III: ’65 – ’71: IBM System/360, DEC PDP-8
Sistem Operasi
Small- & Medium-scale Integrated Circuit (IC)
Cache & Virtual Memory, Microprogramming, Pipelining, Parallelism
instruksi/detik
IV: ’72 – ’77: Apple IIe, IBM PC
Large Scale Integrated Circuit (LSI)
Microprocessor, PC
instruksi/detik
IV: ’78 – …: – Pentium IV, MIPS, Sparc, PowerPC
Very Large Scale Integrated Circuit (VLSI)
instruksi/detik
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Created by Vivi Sahfitri

6. Technology Trend: Microprocessor Capacity
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Technology Trend: Microprocessor Capacity
Alpha 21264: 15 million
Pentium Pro: 5.5 million
PowerPC 620: 6.9 million
Alpha 21164: 9.3 million
Sparc Ultra: 5.2 million
2X transistors/Chip
Every 1.5 years
Called
“Moore’s Law”
1/17/2019
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Created by Vivi Sahfitri

7. Technology Trend: Processor Performance
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Technology Trend: Processor Performance
Processor performance increase/year, mistakenly
referred to as Moore’s Law (transistors/chip)
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Created by Vivi Sahfitri

8. Technology Trend: Memory Capacity
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Technology Trend: Memory Capacity
year size(Megabit)
1986 1
1989 4
Now 1.4X/yr, or doubling every 2 years
4000X since 1980
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Created by Vivi Sahfitri

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Structure & Function
Structure is the way in which components relate to each other
Function is the operation of individual components as part of the structure
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Created by Vivi Sahfitri

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Function
All computer functions are:
Data processing
Data storage
Data movement
Control
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Created by Vivi Sahfitri

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Functional View
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Created by Vivi Sahfitri

12. Operations (a) Data movement
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Operations (a) Data movement
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Created by Vivi Sahfitri

13. Operations (b) Storage
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Operations (b) Storage
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Created by Vivi Sahfitri

14. Operation (c) Processing from/to storage
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Operation (c) Processing from/to storage
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Created by Vivi Sahfitri

15. Operation (d) Processing from storage to I/O
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Operation (d) Processing from storage to I/O
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Created by Vivi Sahfitri

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Structure - Top Level
Computer
Peripherals
Central
Processing
Unit
Main
Memory
Computer
Systems
Interconnection
Input
Output
Communication
lines
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Created by Vivi Sahfitri

17. created by Vivi Sahfitri
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Structure - The CPU
CPU
Computer
Arithmetic
and
Login Unit
Registers
I/O
System
Bus
CPU
Internal CPU
Interconnection
Memory
Control
Unit
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created by Vivi Sahfitri
Created by Vivi Sahfitri

18. Structure - The Control Unit
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Structure - The Control Unit
Control Unit
CPU
Sequencing
Login
ALU
Control
Unit
Internal
Bus
Control Unit
Registers and
Decoders
Registers
Control
Memory
1/17/2019
created by Vivi Sahfitri
Created by Vivi Sahfitri