1. 1. People have studied the stars for centuries
1. People have studied the stars for centuries. The ancient Greeks named groups of stars, called constellations. List at least five constellations.
2. Explain why scientists collect information from electromagnetic waves, such as visible light, microwaves, and X rays, to study stars.
3. Stars do not all look the same. Some are brighter than others, and many have different colors. Reasons for differences?

2. What Are Stars? How are stars formed?
Stars are formed from clouds of dust and gas, or nebulas, and go through different stages as they age.
star: a large celestial body that is composed of gas and emits light
light-year: the distance that light travels in one year; about 9.46 trillion kilometers
This is not a speed!!!!!!

4. What Are Stars? continued
Stars are powered by nuclear fusion reactions.
The core of a star is extremely hot, extremely dense, and under extreme pressure.
Nuclear fusion takes place in the core of a star.
Fusion combines the nuclei of hydrogen atoms into helium.
When two particles fuse, energy is released.

5. What Are Stars? continued
Energy moves slowly through the layers of a star.
Energy moves through the layers of a star by convection and radiation.
During convection, hot gas moves upward, away from the star’s center, and cooler gas sinks toward the center.
During radiation, atoms absorb energy and transfer it to other atoms in random directions. Atoms near the star’s surface radiate energy into space.
Photon walk

6. Structure of the Sun

8. Studying Stars How can we learn about stars if they are so far away?
The telescope allowed astronomers to study stars in more detail for the first time.
Some stars appear brighter than others.
The brightness of a star depends on the star’s temperature, size, and distance from Earth.
The brightest star in the night sky, Sirius, appears so bright because it is relatively close to Earth.

9. Studying Stars, continued
We learn about stars by studying energy.
Stars produce a full range of electromagnetic radiation, from high-energy X-rays to low-energy radio waves.
Scientists use optical telescopes to study visible light and radio telescopes to study radio waves emitted from astronomical objects.
Earth’s atmosphere blocks some wavelengths, so telescopes in space can study a wider range of the spectrum.

11. Studying Stars, continued
A star’s color is related to its temperature.
Hotter objects glow with light that has shorter wavelengths (closer to the blue end of the spectrum).
Cooler objects glow with light that has longer wavelengths (closer to the red end of the spectrum).
Hot stars emit more than cooler stars do.

13. Starlight Intensity Graph

14. Studying Stars, continued
Spectral lines reveal the composition of stars.
The spectra of most stars have dark lines caused by gases in the outer layers that absorb light at that wavelength.
Each element produces a unique pattern of spectral lines.
Astronomers can match the dark lines in starlight to the known lines of elements found on Earth.

15. Star Spectroscopy
How do we determine the elements that are present in stars and our sun?
Star Spectroscopy
When heated or when electrically charged, certain chemicals emit radiation at very specific colours or wavelengths called emission lines.
There are also absorption lines that appear as dark marks dividing the spectrum at specific wavelengths.
Or it will appear as colorful lines when the light is radiatied.

16. Star Spectrocopy
The difference between absorption and emission

17. Short Video Example Star Spectroscopy
Every element has their own fingerprint
Short Video Example

18. The Life Cycle of Stars What natural cycles do stars go through?
In a way that is similar to other natural cycles, stars are born, go through various stages of development, and eventually die.
The sun formed from a cloud of gas and dust.
The sun formed about 5 billion years ago.
The sun was “born” when the process of fusion began in the core.

19. The Life Cycle of Stars, continued
The sun has a balance of inward and outward forces.
The fusion reactions in the core of the sun produce an outward force that balances the inward force due to gravity.
Hydrostatic Equilibrium
Over time, the percentage of the sun’s core that is helium becomes larger.
Scientists estimate that the sun can continue nuclear fusion for another 5 billion years.

21. The Life Cycle of Stars, continued
The sun will become a red giant before it dies.
As fusion slows, the outer layers of the sun will expand.
The sun will become a red giant.
red giant: a large, reddish star late in its life cycle
When the sun runs out of helium, the outer layers will expand and eventually leave the sun’s orbit.
The sun will become a white dwarf.
white dwarf: a small, hot dim star that is the leftover center of an old star

22. The Life Cycle of Stars, continued
Supergiant stars explode in supernovas.
Massive stars evolve faster, develop hotter cores, and create heavier elements through fusion.
The formation of an iron core signals the beginning of a supergiant’s death.
Eventually the core collapses and then explodes in a supernova.
supernova: a gigantic explosion in which a massive star collapses and throws its outer layers into space

23. Types of Supernovae Type 1a
White dwarf in a binary star system who has accreted material from the second star, than gone supernova.
Type II
A massive star explodes with large escape velocities.

24. The Life Cycle of Stars, continued
Some supernovas form neutron stars and black holes.
If the core that remains after a supernova has a mass of 1.4 to 3 solar masses, the remnant can become a neutron star.
If the leftover core has a mass that is greater than three solar masses, it will collapse to form a black hole.
black hole: an object so massive and dense that not even light can escape its gravity

25. H-R Diagram

26. The Life Cycle of Stars, continued
The H-R diagram shows how stars evolve.
The vertical line on an H-R diagram indicates brightness in absolute magnitude.
The horizontal line on the H-R diagram indicates temperature.
Most stars appear in a diagonal line called the main sequence.
As stars age and pass through different stages, their positions on the H-R diagram change.
The sun is currently a main-sequence star.

27. Visual Concept: Types of Stars