1. Chapter 1- Introducing Psychology

2. Why Study Psychology? Provides useful insight into behavior
Physiological- having to do with physical processes (body)
Cognitive- having to do with thinking and understanding (mind)

3. Goals of Psychology Describe- how is a person behaving?
Explain- why do they behave this way?
- Hypotheses and theories
Predict
Influence or control using applied science
Use of scientific method

4. Origins of Psychology Marmaduke Samson and phrenology-
Examining bumps on a person’s skull to determine intelligence and character traits (mid 1800s)

6. Structuralism- Wundt
Wilhelm Wundt- established modern psychology (first laboratory- Leipzig, 1879)
Structuralism- study the basic elements that make up conscious mental experience

7. Structuralism- Wundt
Use of introspection- self-observation in which participants report their thoughts and feelings
First use of a systematic procedure to study human behavior

8. Functionalism- James
William James- “father of psychology” (first textbook)
All activities of the mind (thinking, feeling, learning, and remembering) have one major function- survival as a species.

9. Functionalism- James
Wundt focused on structure of the mind; James focuses on the functions or actions of the mind and the goals of behavior
Functionalism- study of how people and animals react to their environments

10. Structuralism vs. Functionalism
Wundt
Concerned with the STRUCTURE of something
What’s it made of?
Why do we think this way?
Functionalism
James
Concerned with the FUNCTION of something
What does it do?
What are the results of thinking this way?

11. Inheritable Traits Francis Galton (1822-1911)-Heredity
Concluded that intelligence and prominence are hereditary traits.
Did not consider the role of environment when making this conclusion.

12. Gestalt Psychology
Perception is more than a sum of parts, but it involves a “whole pattern”
How sensations are assembled into perceptual experiences
Example- chair

13. Psychoanalytic Psychology
Sigmund Freud ( )-
Our conscious experiences are only the tip of the iceberg
Beneath the surface are primitive biological urges in conflict with society and morality

14. Different Perspectives in Psychology
Biological Psychology
Behavioral/Clinical Psychology
Cognitive Psychology
Humanistic Psychology
Psychodynamic Psychology
Social-Cultural Psychology
Evolutionary Psychology

15. Biological Perspective/ Neuroscience
Focus
How the body and brain create emotions, memories,
and sensory experiences.
Sample Issues
How do evolution and heredity influence behavior?
How are messages transmitted within the body?
How is blood chemistry linked with moods and motives?

16. Biological Psychology
Study of how physical and chemical changes in our body influence our behavior
PET scans and CAT scans
Twins and autism 17

17. Behavioral/Clinical Perspective
Focus
How we learn from observable responses.
How to best study, assess and treat troubled people.
Sample Issues
How do we learn to fear particular objects or situations?
What is the most effective way to alter certain behaviors?
What are the underlying causes of:
Anxiety Disorders
Phobic Disorders
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorders

18. Behavioral Psychology
Ivan Pavlov
rang a tuning fork each time he gave a dog meat powder
dog began to salivate to the tune of the fork 19

19. Behavioral Psychology
Psychologists began to account for behaviors as
The product of prior experience
Could explain how differences among individuals were the result of learning 20

20. Behavioral Psychology
Behaviorism- how organisms learn or modify their behavior based on their response to events in the environment (John Watson)
Reinforcement (Skinner) – response to a behavior that increases the likelihood a behavior will be repeated 21

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22. Cognitive Perspective
Focus
How we encode, process, store and retrieve information.
Sample Issues
How do we use info in remembering and reasoning?
How do our senses govern the nature of perception?
(Is what you see really what you get?)
How much do infants “know” when they are born?

23. Cognitive Psychology
Study of how we process, store, retrieve, and use information and how cognitive processes influence behavior (Piaget, Chomsky)
Behavior is influenced by a variety of mental processes, including perceptions, memories, and expectations 24

24. Humanistic Perspective
Contradictory to Behaviorism
Maslow, Rogers and May
We are evolving and self-directed with the ability to develop our full potential
Believe we have free will and are not controlled by the environment or our past

25. Humanistic Psychology
Belief that each person has freedom in directing his or her future and achieving personal growth (Maslow, Rogers)
Humans are not controlled by events in the environment or by outside forces- these things just serve as a background to our own internal growth
Potential for personal growth 26

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27. Psychodynamic/Psychoanalysis Perspective
Study of behavior springs from unconscious drives and conflicts
Study of the unconscious mind, motives and behaviors
Sigmund Freud ( )
Internal conflicts
Free association

28. Psychoanalytic Psychology
Unconscious motivations and conflict are responsible for medically unexplainable physical symptoms 29

29. Freud- Free Association
A patient says everything that comes to mind no matter how absurd
As a psychoanalyst, he sat and interpreted
Dreams are expressions of primitive unconscious urges
Use of case studies 30

30. Social-Cultural Perspective
Focus
How behavior and thinking vary across situations
and cultures.
Sample Issues
How are we, as members of different races and
nationalities, alike as members of one human family?
How do we differ, as products of different social contexts?
Why do people sometimes act differently in groups than
when alone?

31. Sociocultural Psychology
Studies the influence of cultural and ethnic similarities and differences on behavior and social functioning
Shared cultures and perspectives across culture (ex- sneezes)
Immigration
Gender, socioeconomic status 32

32. Evolutionary Perspective
How the natural selection of traits promoted the survival of genes.
Focus on the evolution of behavior and mental processes.
Suggests that many kinds of behavior patterns, such as aggressive behavior, also have an hereditary basis.
Belief that inherited tendencies influence people to act in certain ways.

33. Psychology Bingo Physiological Cognitive Psychology Structuralism
Introspection
Wilhelm Wundt
Functionalism
William James
Sir Francis Galton
Gestalt
Psychoanalytic Psychology
Sigmund Freud
Free Association
Case Study
Ivan Pavlov
Behaviorism
B.F. Skinner
Phrenology
Cognitive