1. Ocean Currents Some key questions: What causes the ocean currents?
What are the global ocean current patterns?
How do ocean currents interact with climates?

2. Ocean Currents Ocean currents are generated by surface winds
differences in surface water density, due to salinity and temp. diff. (thermohaline circulations)
evaporation-induced sea level gradients  
Surface Currents: 
generally flow in sub-basin scale circulations known as gyres
deflected by Coriolis Force, so surface current differs up to 45° from overlying wind (apparent deflection to the _ in the N. Hem, to the _ in S. Hem. See next slide)
E. margins of oceans: are cool for their latitude (eg. Humbolt, California, Benguelan Currents). Flow equatorward. Coolness adjacent to continents is accentuated by coastal upwelling (explained later).
W. margins of ocean basins are warm for their latitude (eg. Gulf Stream, Kuroshio Currents), & flow poleward

3. winds & ocean currents

4. Major Ocean Currents
Figure 4.21

5. Pacific Ocean Currents
Figure 1

6. Deep Currents
Figure 4.22

7. Sea floor topography-induced upwelling
Coastal Upwelling
driven by winds that induce near-surface water currents to have an offshore component (Coriolis Effect)
significant on west coasts, particularly high sun season
Oregon Coast example: upwelling causes cool surface temperatures, is often associated w/ fogs
also observed anywhere where wind has an offshore component (Central American example)
Equatorial Upwelling
Pacific Equatorial Region (Equatorial upwelling)
Sea floor topography-induced upwelling

8. Ocean Currents and Climate
El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO): A weakening or reversal of the normal east-to-west flow of the trade winds and surface ocean currents in the tropical Pacific. Sea surface temps. rise in eastern Pacific, coastal upwelling and marine productivity diminished.
La Niña: An unusually strong east-to-west flow of the trade winds in surface ocean currents in the tropical Pacific, associated with cooler water temps.
Enormous amounts of heat are transferred between tropics and higher latitudes via the ocean currents, moderating climates in both regions.
The Gulf Stream and World History…