1. SAFE 602/SAFE 791
Week 2 class

2. Objectives Quizzes assignments overview
Identify the Research proposal components
Discuss research ethics and IRB
Define the research variables
Discuss the levels of measurements
Be familiar with the research validity and reliability
Identify the proper way of citation

3. Quizzes and assignments
Quiz 1 is open today for a week
IRB CITI Training certification was due today
Article review assignment is due next week

4. Proposal content Purpose Background and significance Methods Outcomes
Timeline
Resources
References
Appendices

5. Research Ethics
As a researcher, you have certain ethics you need to uphold.
Some of your responsibilities include
protecting participants from harm,
adhering to promises made to participants,
privacy and confidentiality,
Right to withdraw at any time, etc.

6. The Institutional Review Boards
The Institutional Review Board at an institution engaged in research must review and approve research if it involves use of human subjects.
The Institutional Review Board for the Protection of the Human Subjects (IRB) is the regulatory body of IUP that is responsible for the review of research that involves human participants.

7. Variables Independent Variable
An independent variable is one that an investigator manipulates to determine its effect.
Independent variables seem to have a causative effect upon other variables.
Dependent Variable
Variations in dependent variables are assumed to depend on or be caused by another variable.
The one we measure

8. Levels of Measurement of Variables
Nominal
This level is good for identifying categories.
Ordinal
In this level categories have an order and this order is significant, common with rankings.
Zero is the absence of the thing.

9. Levels of Measurement of Variables
Interval
At this level variables are ranked using numbers and the distances between the numbers have a real meaning. No meaningful zero point exists, E.g.
“Standard scores” on cognitive & affective scales
Temperature: Fahrenheit & centigrade scales
Calendar dates
Zero is the absence of the thing.

10. Levels of Measurement of Variables
Ratio
In this level an interval variable has a meaningful zero point.
E.g. Weight, area, speed, velocity. In education, budgets and number of students are measured on ratio scales.
Resources:
Zero is the absence of the thing.

11. Validity Versus Reliability
Are you measuring what you are supposed to be measuring?
Two types:
Internal and external
Reliability:
Are you measuring consistently?

12. Internal Validity
Internal validity is the extent to which observed differences on the dependent variable are attributed to the independent variable and not to some confounding variables.
The key to internal validity is
whether or not subjects can be randomly assigned to various levels of the independent variable.
Think about: within subjects

13. External Validity
External validity is the extent to which the results of the study can be generalized elsewhere. You make generalizations about a population, is the sample representative of the population?
Think about: between subjects

14. Content Validity
Content validity is the degree to which a test measures an intended content area.

15. Reliability
Reliability is the degree to which a test consistently measures whatever it measures.
This is the group to which the researcher would like the sample results of a study to be generalizable.

16. Sample
A sample is a number of individuals selected from a population for a study, preferably in such a way that they represent the larger group from which they were selected.

17. Research Study Information
Purpose of study
Problem statement/research questions
Assumptions & limitations
Rationale/significance
Research methodology - general method, data collection and analysis
Major findings and conclusions

18. Citations Use an approved method of citing the references
Use Parenthetical citations in the paper
APA
Journal Article:
Devine, P. G., & Sherman, S. J. (1992). Intuitive versus rational judgment and the role of stereotyping in the human condition: Kirk or Spock? Psychological Inquiry, 3(2),
In the text:
Judgment styles can vary greatly with intuitive judgment being most often identified in studies (Devine & Sherman, 1992).
Use Link: Purdue Online Writing Lab

19. How to properly cite
Go to one of the search engine, such as google scholar:

20. Type the article title: Intuitive versus rational judgment and the role of stereotyping in the human condition (copy-paste)

21. Click ok, and you will get this:

22. Click on “Cite”

23. Copy-paste the style you want or export to Endnote.