1. EARTH SCIENCE Directions: Read each slide use the RED underlined words to complete the organizer.
Tarbuck Lutgens 

2. Chapter 13
Ocean Water
S6E3. Students will recognize the significant role of water in earth processes.
Explain that a large portion of the Earth’s surface is water, consisting of oceans, rivers, lakes, underground water, and ice.
c. Describe the composition, location, and subsurface topography of the world’s oceans.
Who is Stan Hatfield and Ken Pinzke

3. 13.1 The Ocean’s Composition
Salinity
13.1 The Ocean’s Composition
 Salinity is the total amount of solid material dissolved in water.
 Because the proportion of dissolved substances in seawater is such a small number, oceanographers typically express salinity in parts per thousands.
 Most of the salt in seawater is sodium chloride, common table salt.

4. Where does the Salt come from?
Salinity
Where does the Salt come from?
 Sources of Sea Salt
a. Chemical weathering of rocks on the continents is one source of elements found in seawater.
b. The second major source of elements found in seawater is from Earth’s interior.

6. Processes Affecting Salinity
• Processes that decrease salinity:
- Precipitation
- Ice melting
- Icebergs melting
- Runoff from land
• Processes that increase salinity:
- Evaporation
- Formation of sea ice

7. Natural Processes Affecting Salinity
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8. 13.1 Seawater Ocean Temperature Variation
 The ocean’s surface water temperature varies with the amount of solar radiation received, which is primarily a function of latitude.
 Temperature Variation with Depth
• The thermocline is the layer of ocean water between about 300 meters and 1000 meters where there is a rapid change of temperature with depth.
• The thermocline is a very important structure because it creates a barrier to marine life.

9. Variations in Ocean Surface Temperature
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10. Variations in Ocean Water Temperature
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11. 13.1 Factors Affecting Seawater Density
Ocean Density Variation
13.1 Factors Affecting Seawater Density
 Density is defined as mass per unit volume. It can be thought of as a measure of how heavy something is for its size.
 Factors Affecting Seawater Density
• Seawater density is influenced by two main factors: salinity and temperature.

12. Aunt Atlantic Patty Seldom Pacific Ate Inchworms Southern What? Artic
The 5 Oceans on Earth
Atlantic
Pacific
Southern
Artic
Indian

13. The 5 Oceans on Earth

14. The 5 Oceans on Earth
The continents divide the 5 major oceans and the equator subdivides these oceans into the North Atlantic Ocean and South Pacific Ocean
On average, the Atlantic is the saltiest of the world's major oceans;

15. Technology: Exploring the Ocean Floor
1. How can scientists study the ocean floor?
2. What did they find?
3. With state of the art technology, scientists have discovered a wide variety of landforms and sea life on the ocean floor.

16. Underwater Explorer
Some parts of the ocean are too deep for humans and so they must use special underwater equipment.
One piece is a minisub called Alvin.
Alvin has been used to search for sunken ships, recover lost hydrogen bombs, and explore landforms on the ocean floor.

17. Viewing the ocean floor with sonar
SONAR (sound navigation and ranging) is a technology based on the echo-ranging behavior of bats.
We can measure the ocean’s depth with SONAR by sending high frequency sound waves to the ocean floor.
The sound bounces off the ocean floor and back to the boat.
The time it takes to get back to the boat can be use to find the depth. Depth = t/2x1500m/s

18. Draw and label the Topography of the Ocean Floor And circle the deepest feature

19. Congratulation Oceanographe
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