1. Biochemistry Notes

2. Biochemistry
Biochemistry
Study of science that explores how properties of CHEMICALS make life possible

3. Inorganic Compounds Organic Compounds Biochemistry
Compounds that do not contain carbon
Compounds that do contain carbon
All living organisms are made of carbon

4. Biochemistry Inorganic Compound Water
Most important inorganic compound for living organisms
Excellent solvent
Polar compound: opposite charges at each end of the molecule
High heat capacity: can absorb and release a lot of heat/energy before changing temperatures

5. Biochemistry Organic Compounds
Carbon
Carbon forms the structural backbone of all organic molecules.
Can bond with 4 other atoms OR can bond with other carbons to form long chains or rings.

6. Biochemistry Basic units that repeat over and over
large compound formed from combinations of many monomers
Organic Compounds
Monomers
Polymer

7. Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic acids
Biochemistry
Four major kinds of polymers (macromolecules)…
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic acids

8. Biochemistry 1)Carbohydrates
Contain C, H2, and O in the same ratio as in water
Energy source (sugars and starches)
Structural and cellular support
Monosaccharide
1)Carbohydrates
Used for
Basic Monomer

9. Biochemistry Monosaccharide Glucose and Fructose
Simple sugars
Glucose and Fructose
Same molecular formula
C6H12O6

10. Biochemistry Disaccharide Polysaccharide Double sugar molecule
Largest carbohydrate
Starch: Stored food (glucose)
Sugar: Quick energy source

11. 2)Lipids Biochemistry Fats, Oils, and Waxes Contains C2, H2, and O2
* Basic Monomer
Fats, Oils, and Waxes
Contains C2, H2, and O2
Insoluble in water
Storage of energy
Helps make up the cell membrane
Glycerol + Fatty Acid

12. Biochemistry 3)Proteins *Basic Monomer
Basic building material of all living things
Examples: hair, nails, blood, muscle, skin
Sources: egg whites, gelatin, meat
Amino Acid

13. Biochemistry Amino Acids (aa) Each has a distinctive characteristic
Same basic structure:
Four groups attached to a central carbon atom
Acid Group (COO)
Amino Group (NH3)
Hydrogen Atom (H+)
“R-Group”  Determines the amino acid

14. Biochemistry Amino Acids (aa)
20 different naturally occurring amino acids
10 produced by the human body
Held together by peptide bonds
Polypeptide: 3 or more amino acids bonded together

15. Biochemistry Enzymes They are proteins
Like a key that fits into only one lock
The lock is the substrate
The key is the enzyme
Active Site: Place where the enzyme and substrate bond
Catalyst: Enzymes that speeds up a reaction

16. Biochemistry Carry instructions for cellular activity 4) Nucleic Acids
*Basic Monomer
Carry instructions for cellular activity
Nucleotide

17. Biochemistry
Deoxyribonucleic Acid
DNA
Blueprint of instructions that get transmitted from generation to generation
Found in the nucleus only!!!

18. Biochemistry Ribonucleic Acid RNA
Transfers and reads the instructions  then makes proteins
Found in both the nucleus and the cytoplasm

19. Biochemistry Three types of RNA: Messenger RNA Transfer RNA
Ribosomal RNA
Three types of RNA:
mRNA
tRNA
rRNA

20. Biochemistry There are four main bases in nucleic acids:
But…in RNA, Thymine is replaced with…
Adenine (A)
Guanine (G)
Thymine (T)
Cytosine (C)
Uracil (U)