1. VTT 200 General Sciences Chemistry
Inorganic & Organic Compounds
Coville Ch. 2 pp. pp. 21 >

2. Inorganic compounds
By Definition: Inorganic compounds do not contain carbon
The lone exception is Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
While CO2 was the original source of carbon for the earliest organisms on earth, several current organisms like plants use CO2 in photosynthesis to make carbon compounds like carbohydrates.

3. Inorganic Compounds
When animals ingest plants, they absorb the carbon atoms into their own tissues—that is why current animals are considered carbon-based life forms
Other inorganic compounds include Water and many gases
& Acids and bases—to be covered later

4. Organic Compounds
By definition: Organic compounds must contain carbon, but these compounds also may contain other elements incl: hydrogen, oxygen nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus, etc.
Two main groups of Organic Compounds:
Hydrocarbons- molecules composed of only carbon and hydrogen.
Hydrocarbon Derivatives- contain carbon, hydrogen and other elements

5. Bonds in Organic Compounds
How many valence electrons in Carbon?
How many bonds does Carbon make?
These bonds are Covalent Bonds and are usually bonded with hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, or other carbon atoms.
Examine these two Hydrocarbons:

6. Many organic compounds are Isomers
Chemical compounds that have the same molecular formula, but different structural formulas.
These may have different chemical properties.

7. The study of Organic Compounds is the study of Organic Chemistry
There are 4 main types of Organics:
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids

8. Carbohydrates All carbohydrates contain ONLY:
carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.
Hydrogen and oxygen are ALWAYS in ratio of 2:1.

9. Carbohydrates
Simplest are the single unit sugars called monosaccharides
Glucose
Fructose
Galactose

10. Carbohydrates…
Two monosaccharides may link together by dehydration synthesis (removal of water) to form Disaccharides

11. Carbohydrates…
Polysaccharides: chains of many monosaccharides linked end to end by dehydration synthesis.
This linking is performed within animal and plant cells to form complex carbohydrates such as:
Glycogen (the way animals store carbos in the body)
Cellulose (“roughage”)
Starch (plant material)

12. Lipids (Fats) p
Composed of carbon, hydrogen and only a little oxygen.
Built by combining a Fatty Acid and a Glycerol Molecule
Fatty Acids: carbon chains with an acid carboxyl group (COOH) at one end.
May be saturated (at least 2 hydrogen's per carbon) or unsaturated

13. Fat: Glycerol & Fatty Acid
Glycerol: a 3 carbon alcohol.
The molecules are combined via dehydration synthesis

14. Lipids: Glycerol & Fatty Acids…
Monoglyceride: one fatty acid + glycerol
Diglyceride: two fatty acids + glycerol
Triglyceride: three fatty acids + glycerol
Most common in nature.
See p. 29

15. Phospholipid
A special molecule that contains a phosphate group and a nitrogen group bonded to the glycerol
In addition, the glycerol backbone has two fatty acid chains extending from the backbone
See p. 30
Where have you seen Phospholipids?

16. Steroids—See p. 31 Another special type of lipid
The chain of hydrocarbon is circular and linked to itself, rather than extending as a fatty acid
Several important steroids include:
Cholesterol, Cortisol, and the reproductive hormones Estrogen and Testosterone

17. Proteins—pp
Proteins are extremely large molecules which are the building blocks of all parts of the animal’s body: skin, tissue, bone, major components of blood, digestive enzymes—about the only system of the body which does not contain protein: nervous system
Proteins contain Carbon, Oxygen, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, and may contain small amounts of Sulfur.

18. Proteins—Amino Acids Amino Acids are the building blocks of proteins
All Amino Acids have the same basic structure:
-1 central Carbon atom
bonded to a H atom;
-1 Carboxyl group (COOH);
-1 Amino group (H2N);
-1 Special structure called a side group.
There are about 25 known amino acids in the body
See p. 32
They differ by the changing Side group

19. Proteins—Ribosomes build them
Built by the linking of Amino Acids within the ribosomes inside the cell
The link is via a Peptide Bond: Amino group of one amino acid bond with the carboxyl group of another, giving off water—see p. 33
Many Amino Acids are linked together by peptide bonds—note the difference between this link and dehydration synthesis as in carbohydrates

20. Proteins—Structure, see p. 34
By definition: a Protein is 100 or more Amino Acids joined by peptide bonds.
Primary Structure: sequence of amino acids in a peptide chain built by Ribosomes
Secondary Structure: “Twisting” of a chain via hydrogen bonds between Amino Acids—completed in Golgi Apparatus within the cell
Tertiary Structure: Twisted chain folds into a 3-D configuration by the Golgi Apparatus.
Final Protein is either used within the cell or moved out of the cell for use elsewhere in the body

21. Nucleic Acids—p. 35>
Nucleic Acids are the building blocks of the enormous, complex molecules of DNA & RNA
Elements contained include: Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen & Phosphorous.
Each individual acid is known as a Nucleotide

22. Nucleic Acids—Structure, p. 36
There are 4 acids, each with:
A 5-carbon sugar
1 phosphate group
1 base group--varies depending on which of the 4 types of Acids
They are covalently bonded by dehydration synthesis linking the sugar and the phosphate group as shown to the right

23. Nucleotides build DNA & RNA
Each of the Nucleotides becomes part of the sides of the DNA “ladder”, which is two parallel chains of many individual acids
The sides of the ladder are joined together via hydrogen bonds between the base groups—see p. 37
RNA consists of one side of a ladder
Where are Nucleotides built in the cell?

24. Watch the instructor example
Chains of DNA
The long chains of DNA can be made up of nucleotides in simple organisms like Bacteria or hundreds of thousands nucleic acids as in animal DNA
Each long strand of DNA is contained within chromosome packages and the number of chromosomes varies with organism complexity
**Important NOTE: the 4 acids are base paired in critical fashion:
-Adenine may only be paired with Thymine
-Guanine may only be paired with Cytosine
In this fashion, DNA strands copy in duplication
Watch the instructor example