1. Extracardiac Conduit Total Cavopulmonary Anastomosis
V. Mohan Reddy, Doff B. McElhinney, Frank L. Hanley 
Operative Techniques in Cardiac and Thoracic Surgery 
Volume 2, Issue 3, Pages (August 1997)
DOI: /S (07)70061-X
Copyright © 1997 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions

2. 1
Because a Fontan procedure is frequently performed in a patient who has undergone at least one median sternotomy, the surgeon can expect to encounter the mediastinal adhesions typically found at resternotomy situation. Following median sternotomy and exposure of the heart, the aorta, superior vena cava (SVC) pulmonary arteries, and inferior vena cava (IVC) are carefully mobilized with electrocautery dissection. The pulmonary arteries are mobilized distally to the level of the hilum on the right side and beneath the aorta on the left. The SVC is mobilized to a level 5 to 6 cm above the cavopulmonary anastomosis, and a purse-string suture is placed 3 to 4 cm above the anastomosis at the level of the innominate vein. The ascending aorta is freed sufficiently to allow for control and cannulation, and a purse-string suture is placed anteriorly just below the origin of the innominate artery.
Operative Techniques in Cardiac and Thoracic Surgery 1997 2, DOI: ( /S (07)70061-X)
Copyright © 1997 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions

3. 2
The IVC is mobilized to the level of the diaphragm, which normally requires taking down the inferior caval reflection of the pericardium. With this step, the entire suprahepatic IVC is exposed. A purse-string suture is placed in the IVC at the diaphragmatic reflection.
Operative Techniques in Cardiac and Thoracic Surgery 1997 2, DOI: ( /S (07)70061-X)
Copyright © 1997 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions

4. 3
Following systemic heparinization, the ascending aorta, SVC and IVC are then cannulated through the previously placed purse-string sutures. Initially, the SVC is not snared or incorporated into the bypass circuit and superior caval return is allowed to perfuse the lungs through the cavopulmonary shunt. The cardiopulmonary bypass is commenced with inferior caval cannulation alone, using calcium supplemented blood prime in the bypass circuit, which allows the heart to remain beating and ejecting return coming through the superior cavopulmonary anastomosis. No active cooling is performed, and core temperatures are allowed to drift to around 33° to 35°C.
Operative Techniques in Cardiac and Thoracic Surgery 1997 2, DOI: ( /S (07)70061-X)
Copyright © 1997 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions

5. 4
After the institution of bypass, the IVC is clamped just inferior to the cavoatrial junction and transected between the clamp and the snared IVC cannula. The cardiac end of the transected IVC is doubly oversewn with running 4–0 or 5–0 nonabsorbable monofilament suture. The extracardiac conduit of either cryopreserved aortic allograft or expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (Gore-tex; W.L. Gore and Associates, Milpitas, CA) vascular tube graft is then tailored. The size of the conduit usually ranges from 20 to 25 mm in diameter. In younger children, we delay completion of the extracardiac conduit Fontan until the patient has reached a weight of at least 15 kg, at which time an adult-sized conduit (20 to 22 mm) can usually be inserted. The cross-sectional diameter of the conduit is usually slightly oversized with respect to the diameter of the inferior vena cava.
An end-to-end anastomosis between the conduit and the IVC is performed with 4–0 or 5–0 monofilament suture. Alter completion of the inferior anastomosis, the conduit is clamped at midlevel and the IVC cannula snare is released, allowing the inferior half of the conduit to fill with blood. Any anastomotic suture line bleeding can be repaired at this time. Cardiopulmonary bypass is continued with the cannula unsnared to allow for more accurate approximation of conduit position in the mediastinum. The length of the conduit is then tailored to the undersurface of the right pulmonary artery. The superior orifice of the conduit is bevelled at an angle less than or equal to 45° relative to the long axis of the conduit. This allows for an oblique conduit to pulmonary artery anastomosis with a substantially greater anastomotic surface area rather than with direct end to side connection. In addition, this allows for greater offsetting of the superior and inferior cavopulmonary connections, which has been shown by computational fluid dynamics to minimize energy losses at the cavopulmonary junction.13,14 Furthermore, this oblique anastomosis effectively serves as a central pulmonary arterioplasty, and the angle of the bevel can be adjusted to maximize this effect. At this point, the SVC is cannulated and snared and full Cardiopulmonary bypass is instituted.
Operative Techniques in Cardiac and Thoracic Surgery 1997 2, DOI: ( /S (07)70061-X)
Copyright © 1997 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions

6. 5
The inferior surface of the right pulmonary artery is incised from a point opposite the origin of the right upper lobe pulmonary artery leftward into the central left pulmonary artery. If more distal left pulmonary artery stenosis or hypoplasia is present, the incision can be extended to the level of the left lung hilum. The anastomosis between the bevelled conduit and the pulmonary arteriotomy is then performed using running 5–0 nonabsorbable monofilament suture. If more distal branch pulmonary artery stenosis is present, we prefer to repair it with allograft patch augmentation at this point in the procedure, although augmentation arterioplasty may also be performed before completion of the conduit to pulmonary artery anastomosis. After anastomosis is completed, the clamp on the conduit and the snare on the SVC cannula are released and any points of anastomotic bleeding are addressed.
In select patients, we have performed the inferior cavopulmonary anastomosis on partial cardiopulmonary bypass, without superior caval cannulation. With this technique, a large side-biting vascular clamp is placed on the undersurface of the right pulmonary artery, allowing flow from the superior cavopulmonary anastomosis to continue unimpeded into the left pulmonary artery. This approach requires adequately large pulmonary arteries that the clamp can be placed without occluding the SVC. In addition, superior caval cannulation is required if central or left pulmonary artery augmentation is required.
Operative Techniques in Cardiac and Thoracic Surgery 1997 2, DOI: ( /S (07)70061-X)
Copyright © 1997 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions

7. 6
Cardiac function is assessed by means of transesophageal echocardiography and directly-placed pulmonary arterial and left atrial pressure catheters. The patient is weaned from bypass with or without inotropic support, with decannulation of the IVC first, followed by the SVC, and finally of the aorta. The completed extracardiac conduit Fontan is as shown. If Fontan pressures are ≥18 mm Hg or the transpulmonary gradient is ≥10 mm Hg. we generally place a fenestration by performing a 4 to 5 mm side-to-side anastomosis between the conduit and the right atrial free wall. Another option for fenestration is to place a synthetic tube graft (6 to 8 mm) from the conduit to the free wall. Following completion of the procedure, hemostasis is achieved and temporary atrial and ventricular pacing leads are placed in patients without a previous permanent pacemaker. Mediastinal and pleural (if the pleura are opened) chest drains are placed.
Operative Techniques in Cardiac and Thoracic Surgery 1997 2, DOI: ( /S (07)70061-X)
Copyright © 1997 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions