1. Fuel-Air Modeling of IC Engine Cycles
P M V Subbarao
Professor
Mechanical Engineering Department
State of the Art Modeling of Artificial Horses.….

2. Engineering Strategy to Utilize A Resource
Engineering constraint: Both combustion and expansion have to be finished in a single stroke.
Rapid combustion : Constant Volume combustion
Less time to combustion process.
More time to adiabatic expansion
Slow combustion : Constant pressure combustion
More time to combustion process.
Less time to adiabatic expansion

3. 2—3 Complete & Adiabatic combustion at constant volume

4. 2—3 Complete & Adiabatic combustion at constant pressure

5. Emission norms for passenger cars ( Petrol)
CO( g/km)
HC+ NOx)(g/km)
1991Norms
2.0(Only HC)
1996 Norms
1998Norms
stage
2000 norms
2.72
0.97
Bharat stage-II
2.2
0.5
Bharat Stage-III
2.3
0.35(combined)
Bharat Stage-IV
1.0
0.18(combined)

6. Emission Norms for 2/3 Wheelers ( Petrol)
CO ( g/km)
HC+ NOx (g/km)
1991 norms
12-30
8-12 (only HC)
1996 norms
4.5
3.6
stage
2000 norms
2.0
Bharat stage-II
1.6
1.5
Bharat Stage-III
1.0

7. Emission norms for Heavy diesel vehicles:CO
(g/kwhr) HC
Nox PM
1991 Norms 14
3.5 18 -
1996 Norms
11.2
2.4
14.4
stage Norms
4.5
1.1
8.0
0.36
Bharat stage-II
4.0
7.0
0.15
Bharat Stage-III
2.1
1.6
5.0
0.10
Bharat Stage-IV
1.5
0.96
0.02
A move to Bharat Stage IV+ from 2016, before moving to Bharat Stage V in 2021

8. Second law limit on possible extent of reaction
Reactants  Products
At any instant during the combustion process, a cylinder contains a combination of reactants and products.
A reaction seizes when the entropy of an adiabatic reactor reaches its maximum value.
The value of maximum entropy will vary with the pressure and temperature of the reaction.
A reaction system and parameters of reaction should be designed such that the maximum entropy is obtained when the reaction is almost complete (>98%??).

9. Generalized Theory of Extent of Reaction Possible
p1,T1
p2,T2
Entropy of Universe
p3,T3
Extent of Reaction

10. Mathematical Model for Culmination of Reaction
Possible extent of reaction:
For every fuel, a designer should know all possible reactants !!!
Some products will influence the efficiency of reaction.
Few other may not influence the efficiency of reaction but severely affect the environment.
The optimal parameters for efficient reaction may not be optimal for safe reaction !!
There may be a need to use secondary reactor with catalysts.
Catalytic Converter

11. Closure on Analysis of Combustion
Complete & Adiabatic combustion at constant volume
Complete & Adiabatic combustion at constant pressure
Design of sub-systems for better combustion needs more detailed analysis of thermo-physical & thermo chemical processes preceding and during combustion.

12. The Ultimate Goal of Thermodynamic Modelling

13. 3—4 Isentropic expansion of the burned gases
For a infinitesimal expansion process:
Using first order models for properties:

14. The Pseudo Cooling Process

15. 4—5 Ideal adiabatic blow down
Sudden Exhaust :

16. More Realistic Exhaust blow down
Late in power cycle exhaust valve is opened
Pressure differential pushes hot exhaust gas out of cylinder and through exhaust system.
The mass blow down process, which occurs between EVO and BDC (180 CA), is to be thermodynamically designed to enhance the predictive capability of the cyclic integral.
An empirical correlation for the blow down pressure is obtained as in the following form:

17. Nature of Blowdown
After EVO, the mass in cylinder decreases sharply as gas blowdown occurs due to the significant pressure difference across the exhaust valve.
In most of the cases, 20% -- 50% of the exhaust gas exits the exhaust valve during the blowdown process.
During the exhaust stroke, the piston moves towards TDC, which further pushes the mass of gases in cylinder to leave the engine.
At 720o CA, the mass of gases residing in the clearance volume, which is termed as the residual gas, will be mixed with the fresh intake charge in the subsequent cycle

18. Empirical Relations for Pressure during blowdown
where
and m =0.45 is the shape factor determined by experimental correlation.

19. Intake Conditions
The residual mass fraction (f ), a parameter which is crucial in the determination of the charge air/gas temperature at IVC (Ti).
This is estimated from the previous cycle.
Hence, the residual mass fraction can be estimated by