1. Unit 3- Cell Communication Review

2. Which Cell Signaling Error is occurring?
Bacteria can release toxins (signals) which alter the signal transduction pathway so that it is stuck in the “on” mode. Interference with Receptor

3. how are cells able to tell each other apart; so they fuse with the correct mate?
Receptors and ligands come in matched pairs; this means that they one recognize one (or a few) of the other. These specific paired signals ensure that certain cells only fuse with the correct opposing mate; so that the desired cellular response that is needed is able to occur

4. Which type of Cell communication occurs over larger distances?
Long Distance aka Endocrine Signaling

5. Name that Type of Signaling
Local (or short distance) (Paracrine) Signaling

6. what happens to a cell in apoptosis?
The cell shrinks
DNA is chopped up
Organelles are fragmented
Cell parts are packaged up into vesicles and digested

7. Name the stage of cell signaling
Once the final relay molecule receives the signal, a protein triggers the desired cellular reaction to occur Response

8. Name that Type of Signaling
Direct Signaling

9. Which Cell Signaling Error is occurring?
Sending cells may not always send the correct amount of signals. Sometimes the signal is produced in excess and causes more harm than good Too Much Signal

10. Name that structure
Target Cell

11. Which type of Cell communication occurs between neighboring cells?
Direct Contact Signaling

12. Which Cell Signaling Error is occurring?
Sending cells may stop being able to produce the ligand signals needed by target cells to produce important responses throughout the body. Losing the Signal

13. Which error in communication leads to Excessive Brain Damage after a Stroke?
Too Much Signal- When a stoke occurs, the brain cells that have been deprived of oxygen die. During this process they release a signal called glutamine- which in small amounts is helpful in the brain- but in excess it is toxic; so it causes more brain cells to die than were originally affected by the stroke

14. Develop from a fertilized egg
Cells communication allows cells to coordinate activities which allow them to do what 3 main things?
Develop from a fertilized egg
Survive
Reproduce

15. Name the stage of cell signaling
When the target cell detects the signaling molecule which then binds with the target cell’s receptor protein Reception

16. Which error in communication leads to Cholera?
Interference with Receptor- The cholera bacteria produces a toxin which tricks the signal transduction pathway receptor into staying active; so cells release to much sodium and water into the intestines leading to diarrhea.

17. Name that structure
Cell Response

18. Which Cell Signaling Error is occurring?
Sending cells may send the ligand signals without problem, but the target cells they are intended for no longer respond to signal; because of this no response is able to occur
Target Cell Ignores the Signal/Doesn’t Respond

19. Define….
Apoptosis: Programmed and regulated cell death

20. Short Distance (aka Local Signaling) aka Paracrine Signaling
Which type of Cell communication occurs over small distances between local cells?
Short Distance (aka Local Signaling) aka Paracrine Signaling

21. Name that Type of Signaling
Autocrine Signaling

22. Name the stage of cell signaling
When the ligand binds to the receptor a relay is triggered which passes the signal through the cell from relay molecule to relay molecule Transduction

23. Which error in communication leads to Type 1 Diabetes?
Losing the signal- The pancreas stops being able to make insulin; so the signal for cells to take up glucose from the blood is lost.

24. Name 2 reasons why a cell would start apoptosis
The cell is infected
The cell is a threat to the organism
The cell has become damaged
The cell has performed it’s job and come to the end of its functional lifespan

25. Name that structure
Receptor

26. Describe how external signals create internal cellular responses
External signals create internal responses through a series of steps known as the Signal Transduction Pathway. During this process…
The signal cell sends a ligand into the extracellular fluid, the target cell’s receptor protein detects the signal and the 2 bind together in a stage known as Reception.
After this occurs, a relay (step-by-step process) is triggered within the target cell and the signal is passed from relay molecule to relay molecule; this step is known as Transduction.
Lastly, the signal is passed to the final relay molecule which activates a protein in the cell and the desired cellular response is trigged and happens; this stage is known as Response.

27. Gap Junctions- small pores which connect the neighboring cells
What allows neighboring cells to communicate via Direct Contact Signaling?
Gap Junctions- small pores which connect the neighboring cells

28. Which Cell Signaling Error is occurring?
Some diseases are linked to a series of events/communication errors which allow the disease to continue to grow without signals and fail to die through apoptosis. Multiple Breakdowns in Communication

29. Name that structure
Ligands

30. Which Cell Signaling Error is occurring?
The protective coverings around nerves can become damaged; so even though the sending cell will send a signal, the target cells never receives it Signal Doesn’t Reach its Target

31. Which type of Cell communication occurs where the same cell that sends the message also receives the message?
Autocrine Signaling

32. Which error in communication leads to Multiple Sclerosis (MS)?
Signal Doesn’t Reach its Target- Protective coverings around nerve cells become damaged; so they are unable to transmit sent signals through the entire pathway to the target; to the target cell never gets the message.

33. Name that Type of Signaling
Long-Distance (Endocrine) Signaling

34. Immune system development
What are 2 things that apoptosis helps with during embryological development?
Nervous system development- cells that haven’t developed into fully functional nerve cells die off
Immune system development
Morphogenesis of extremities (hands/feet in humans and paws in other animals)

35. How does apoptosis allow tadpoles to change into their fully functional adult frog form?
When tadpoles transition into their adult form their tails are no longer needed; so the cells that make up the tail go through apoptosis and it disappears.

36. Which error(s) in communication leads to cancer?
Multiple Breakdowns- Cancer often begins when a cell continues to grow and divide even when no signal has been received. Usually this triggers apoptosis, but the cells don’t respond to the death signals and they continue to divide until a tumor has formed. Further cell communication allows blood vessels to form in the tumor so it continues to grow and can spread to other parts of the body.

37. What is the connection between Apoptosis, the HIV Virus, and AIDs Disease?
The HIV virus is able to exploit apoptosis- to use it to it’s advantage. It is able to trick healthy immune system cells (which would normally fight off the virus) into killing themselves so that the HIV virus can take over and eventually lead to AIDS in the victim.

38. Name that structure
Sending Cell

39. When Apoptosis fails to occur, what is 1 Non-Life-Threatening outcome?
Webbed fingers and toes are a non-life- threatening outcome of the failure of apoptosis to work as it is intended. The skin between the fingers and toes is supposed to go through apoptosis during embryological development, but if it doesn’t happen, you can be born with one or more webbed fingers/toes

40. Which error in communication leads to Type 2 Diabetes?
Target Cell Ignores the Signal- The pancreas sends the insulin signal, but the target body cells no longer respond to the signal which would allow them to take in glucose from the blood.