1. INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS The United Nations

2. International organizations
Intergovernmental bodies (members = states /international organizations)
Based on international agreements
(a charter, a convention, a statute)
Their own legal personality (≠ legal personality of founding states / other IO)
FUNCTIONS: legislative + executive

3. History – PART I = The League of Nations (LON)
THE PRECURSOR to the United Nations
= The League of Nations (LON)
- an intergovernmental organization
- founded as a result of the Paris Peace Conference.
- from 28 September 1934 to 23 February 1935, it
had 58 members.

4. LON’s goals preventing war through collective security, disarmament
settling international disputes through negotiation and arbitration
ADDITIONAL issues the LON worked on:
labour conditions, just treatment of native inhabitants, trafficking in persons and drugs, arms trade, global health, prisoners of war, and protection of minorities in Europe

5. PROBLEMS – the end of the LON
The League lacked its own armed force
depended on the Great Powers to enforce its resolutions,
incapable of preventing aggression by the Axis powers in the 1930s
Germany withdrew from the League, soon followed by other aggressive powers.
The onset of World War II = the League had failed its primary purpose - to avoid any future world war.

6. History – PART II The Charter of the UN
Opened for signature on June 26, 1945
in San Francisco (Conference on International Organizations, presence of 50 member countries)
- Entered into force October 24, 1945 after being ratified by the five permanent members of the SECURITY COUNCIL: the People’s Republic of China, France, the Soviet Union, the UK and the USA

7. STRUCTURE
OF THE
FOUNDING
TREATY

8. Purposes of the UN
Chapter 1, Art 1 – “to maintain international peace and security”
NOT ONLY, BUT ALSO
Economic and social cooperation
Solving problems of climate chage, humanitarian issues, human rights protection

9. Main organs of the UN SIX MAIN UN ORGANS General Assembly
Security Council
Economic and Social Council
Trusteeship Council*
International Court of Justice
Secretariat
* World Summit Outcome – heads of states agreed to leave out from the Charter chapter XIII, and parts of the chapter XII, where it was mentioned.
Opća skupština, Vijeće sigurnosti, Ekonomsko i socijalno vijeće, Starateljsko vijeće,
Međunarodni sud, Tajništvo

10. The General Assembly Representatives from 193 member states
Meet at the ANNUAL SESSION (September, New York)
Election of the GA President – a one-year term of office
a unique forum for multilateral discussion of of international issues covered by the Charter
topics: security issues, admission of new members, budgetary issues (approval of the UN budget), codification of international law

11. One of the big UN achievements... UNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS
adopted by the United Nations General Assembly on December 10, 1948 at the Palais de Chaillot in Paris
based on the experience of the Second World War
represents the first global expression of rights to which all human beings are entitled
consists of 30 articles

12. The Declaration is a part of THE INTERNATIONAL BILL OF HUMAN RIGHT
an informal name given to two international treaties and one General Assembly resolution established by the United Nations.
It consists of:
1. the Universal Declaration of Human Rights
(adopted in 1948),
2. the International Covenant on Civil and Political
Rights (1966) with its two Optional Protocols and
3. the International Covenant on Economic, Social
and Cultural Rights (1966).
The two covenants entered into force in 1976, after a sufficient number of countries had ratified them.

13. United Nations Security Council
COMPOSTION, MEMBERSHIP AND PRESIDENCY
It has 15 members, and each member has one vote
5 permanent members with veto power and 10 non-permanent members, elected by the General Assembly for a two-year term
meets at any given time when the need arises
Rotating presidency: members take turn at holding the presidency for one month.

14. United Nations Security Council
RESPONSIBILITIES
Under the Charter - primary responsibility for the maintenance of international peace and security
takes the lead in determining the existence of a threat to the peace or act of aggression
can resort to imposing sanctions or even authorize the use of force to maintain or restore international peace and security
recommends to the General Assembly the appointment of the Secretary-General and the admission of new Members to the United Nations
together with the General Assembly, it elects the judges of the International Court of Justice

15. The Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC)
54 members elected by the General Assembly
(a three-year term of office)
established by the UN Charter
the principal organ to coordinate the economic, social and related work of the United Nations
voting in the Council is by simple majority; each member has one vote.

16. The Trusteeship Council
operational in the period 1945 – 1994
DOES NOT OPERATE ANY MORE
established in 1945 by the UN Charter to provide international supervision for 11 Trust Territories placed under the administration of 7 Member States
had to ensure that adequate steps were taken to prepare the Territories for self-government and independence.
by 1994, all Trust Territories had attained self-government or independence (e.g. New Guinea under Australian administration until 1975)

17. The International Court of Justice
located at the Hague in the Netherlands
established in June 1945 by the Charter
of the United Nations (The Statute of the
International Court of Justice is an integral
part of the Charter)
began work in April 1946
15 independent judges
the principal judicial organ of the United Nations
settles legal disputes between states and gives advisory opinions to the UN and its specialized agencies

18. Secretariat
an international staff working in duty stations around the world
carries out diverse day-to-day work of the Organization
services the other principal organs of the United Nations and administers the programmes and policies laid down by them
duties include administering peacekeeping operations to mediating international disputes, from surveying economic and social trends and problems to preparing studies on human rights and sustainable development
At its head is the Secretary-General
currently the post is occupied by António Guterres from Portugal, who took office on 1 January 2017 (5 years renewable term of office) .

19. UN Agencies
Support for children and their paretns, especially motherhood - _____________
Educational, scientific and cultural issues –
_______________
Emergency situation related to public health –
______________________
Multilateral projects and actions in prevention of hunger - ___________________

20. POSITION OF THE REPUBLIC OF CROATIA
22 May 1992 Croatia gained
International recognition as a UN Member state.
On May 3, 2010, Ivan Šimonović was appointed UN Assistant Secretary-General for human rights.
His term of office ended 24 June 2016 and he was succeeded by Andrew Gilmour from the UK

21. Language work
Complete the exercises IV and V, page 222

22. Part II – Statute of the International Court of Justice
Scan the text and do the exercise I
Do the exercise II – IV to improve your language skills. Pay a special attention to the translation exercise Nr. III.