1. Vertebrate

2. Fishes Three distinct groups Adaptations Jawless fishes
Cartilaginous fishes
Bony fishes
Adaptations

3. Mouth
at the end of the snout, symmetrical
open water feeder
angled downward/longer upper jaw
feeds on prey below it, bottom feeder
angled upward/longer lower jaw
feeds on prey above it, surface feeder
strong jaws - teeth
preys on other fish
sucker-shaped
eats small plants and animals
barbels
feeds off bottom, senses food in murky water
duckbill jaws
grasps its prey
no teeth
eats plankton
very large mouth
surrounds prey
Fins
Large, forked caudal fin
strong, fast swimmer
spines on fins
protection, more difficult to swallow, can be poisonous
large pelvic fins
bottom dweller
small pelvic fins
open water swimmer

4. Eyes
both on the same side of the head
lies flat on the bottom of the ocean
small
shallow water fish
large
usually deep water fish
Scales
large
uses its scales for protection
small
fast swimmer
Coloration
no markings
swims in the open water
stripes
hides in seaweeds and grasses
mottled
hides in rocks or on the bottom
countershading – dark on top, light on bottom
less visible to predators above and below
stripe through eye
helps to camouflage fish by hiding the eye
false eye spot
predator will attack tail giving fish a greater chance to escape

5. Body shape
round
difficult to swallow, slow swimmer
flat bottomed
feeds on the bottom
long, eel-like
hides in rocks and weeds
torpedo shaped
high speed swimmer
flat from side to side
almost invisible from the front and rear, feeds above and below
flat from top to bottom
hides on the bottom
hump backed
stable in fast moving water

6. Jawless fishes Hagfishes Lamprey Do not have a vertebrae
Live only in the ocean
Lamprey
Half are free-living
Half are parasites as adults

7. Cartilaginous fishes Skeletons composed of cartilage
Lightweight, flexible tissue
Sharks, skates, rays
Fertilization occurs inside the body
Internal fertilization

9. Bony Fishes 95% of fishes Characteristics Bone
Lungs or swim bladder (buoyancy)
Scales
Protection; reduce friction
Reproduction
Fertilization takes place externally

10. Amphibians Aquatic larval stage – terrestrial adult Skin: moist & thin
respiration & protection
Pros: rapid diffusion of oxygen, CO2, & water
Cons: vulnerable to dehydration; pollution
Feet are usually webbed; no claws
Reproduction: eggs laid in water or moist places; fertilized externally
Adaptations:
Vocal cords: frogs use to communicate
Poison
Color: salamanders can hide from predators

12. Reptiles Reptiles Metabolism: ectotherm
Scales: prevent from water loss, protection
Adaptations
Tails: swimming
Jaws: capture food
Shells: protection
Fangs: protection
Rattles: warning

14. Nostrils. The nostrils of fish do not open into the back of the mouth as do those of mammals, and are not, therefore, for breathing. They lead into organs of smell which are as a rule, very sensitive, so that a fish can detect the presence of food in the water at considerable distances.
Eyes. The eyes of a fish have large round pupils which do not vary in size.
Hearing. Although fish have no ears visible externally they can hear by transmission of vibrations through the body to sensitive regions of the inner ear.
Mouth. The mouth serves for taking in food; also for the breathing current of water. Some fish have a wide gape, and filter microscopic plants and animals out of the surface waters as they swim along, trapping them in gill rakers before the water is expelled from the operculum.
The operculum is a bony structure covering and protecting the gills in teleosts; it plays an important part in the breathing mechanism. Elasmobranchs do not have an operculum but there are separate gill slits for each gill.
The lateral line is a jelly-filled tube or canal just below the skin. It opens to the water outside by a series of tiny pores. Its function is to detect movements in the water. A disturbance set up, for example, by a person's hand moving in the water, will cause the jelly in the tube to vibrate. The canal is lined with nerve endings which are stimulated by vibrations and send impulses to the brain. In this way the fish is made aware of the direction and intensity of water movements. The sensitivity of this system makes even a blind fish very difficult to catch by hand.
Fins give stability, and control the direction of movement during swimming, as explained later.