1. The
Industrial
Revolution
Unit 4
Chapter 22

2. Overview Economic and social transformations Innovations in
Manufacturing
Mining
Transportation
Communications
Led to
Massive increases in production
Disparity between industrialized and non-industrialized countries
Exploitation of resources
Transformation of environment
Social exploits
Widened gap between rich and poor
Dangerous jobs for children
Unsanitary conditions

3. Why Did
Industrialization
Begin in
England First?

4. Preconditions Agricultural revolution Potato
Crops that did not deplete the soil
Enclosure Movement
Population growth
Fastest growth in the world
Because of agricultural revolution
Expansion of trade
Improved roads & canals
Expansion of cottage industries
Trade with Americas, West Africa, & India
Openness to innovation
Patent system
More fluid society

5. Britain’s Economic Growth
All of the preconditions led to a rising standard of living
Led the world in exports of craft goods
Largest merchant marines
Led the world in production of naval supplies, including ships

6. The Enclosure Movement

7. “Enclosed” Lands Today

8. Early Canals

9. Advantages of Cottage Industries
Peasants could supplement their agricultural incomes
Merchants could avoid the higher wages and often demanding regulations of urban labor
Merchants could acquire capital, which would later play a part in funding industrialization itself
Young people could start separate households earlier, thus contributing to population growth

10. French Economic Disadvantages
Years of war
Heavy debts
High unemployment  soldiers returning from the battlefronts
French businessmen were afraid to take risks

11. 5 Innovations that Spurred Industrialization
Mass production through division of labor
Mechanization
Increase in manufacture of iron
Steam engine
Electric telegraph
Interestingly enough, China had the first three by 1200!

12. Factory Production
Concentrates production in one place [materials, labor]
Located near sources of power [rather than labor or markets]
Requires a lot of capital investment [factory, machines, etc.] more than skilled labor

13. Industrial Revolution
New Inventions
of the
Industrial Revolution

14. James Watt’s Steam Engine

15. Steam Tractor

16. Steam Ship

17. An Early Steam Locomotive

18. The Impact of the Railroad

19. The "Have-Nots":
The Poor,
The Over-Worked,
& the Destitute

20. Factory Wages in Lancashire, 1830
Age of Worker
Male Wages
Female Wages
under 11
2s 3d.
2s. 4d.
4s. 1d.
4s. 3d.
10s. 2d.
7s. 3d.
17s. 2d.
8s. 5d.
20s. 4d.
8s. 7d.
22s. 8d.
8s. 9d.
21s. 7d.
9s. 8d.
20s. 3d.
9s. 3d.
16s. 7d.
8s. 10d.
16s. 4d.
8s. 4d.
13s. 6d.
6s. 4d.

21. Industrial Staffordshire

22. The New Industrial City

23. Early-19c London by Gustave Dore

24. The Life of the New Urban Poor: A Dickensian Nightmare!

25. Private Charities: Soup Kitchens

26. Government Response
Abolition of slavery in the colonies in 1832 [to raise wages in Britain]
Sadler Commission to look into working conditions
Factory Act [1833] – child labor
New Poor Law [1834] – indoor relief
Reform Bill [1832] – broadens the vote for the cities

27. By 1850: Zones of Industrialization on the European Continent
Northeast France
Belgium
The Netherlands
Western German states
Northern Italy
East Germany  Saxony

28. Industrialization By 1850

29. Railroads on the Continent

30. Share in World Manufacturing Output: 1750-1900